Parameters | A n = 139 | B n = 10 | C n = 36 | D n = 78 | E-Control n = 263 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 26.96 ± 4.67b,e | 32.70 ± 2.71a,c,d,e | 26.64 ± 4.86e | 25.76 ± 5.19e | 29.02 ± 6.03a,b,c,d | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 100.85 ± 12.42d,e | 103.50 ± 8.71e | 96.86 ± 14.08 | 97.10 ± 14.5e | 93.25 ± 12.05a,b,d | <0.001 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.06e | 0.95 ± .05e | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.79 ± 5.79c,e | 32.83 ± 4.83e | 29.41 ± 5.67a | 30.36 ± 5.88e | 28.66 ± 5.04a,b,d | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.37 ± 12.46d,e | 129.50 ± 13.01 | 122.78 ± 10.92 | 123.14 ± 10.99a | 123.25 ± 11.28a | 0.043 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.81 ± 8.82 | 84.50 ± 4.97 | 80.42 ± 8.31 | 81.67 ± 6.67 | 81.29 ± 7.42 | 0.214 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.70 ± 31.66c,e | 177.40 ± 31.39 | 162.44 ± 27.11a | 168.35 ± 42.30 | 165.29 ± 32.59e | 0.015 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 130.37 ± 90.88e | 144.50 ± 45.32e | 105.61 ± 59.51 | 124.33 ± 93.93e | 96.73 ± 57.15 a,b,d | <0.001 |
HDL(mg/dL) | 43.74 ± 9.70 | 42.78 ± 8.12 | 43.99 ± 9.96 | 43.59 ± 9.86 | 45.22 ± 8.84 | 0.450 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 85.08 ± 24.79c,d,e | 83.70 ± 20.90 | 74.05 ± 17.21a | 78.44 ± 24.19a | 77.31 ± 21.87a | 0.010 |
TG/HDL (CV risk)* | 3.31 ± 3.45e | 3.44 ± 1.15 | 2.69 ± 1.95 | 3.12 ± 2.807e | 2.28 ± 1.6a,d | 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (FG) | 91.29 ± 19.74 | 93.70 ± 16.02 | 87.58 ± 10.1 | 91.58 ± 13.04 | 90.01 ± 12.3 | 0.555 |
2-h glucose | 129.45 ± 49.9e | 128.90 ± 30.76 | 124.36 ± 53.95 | 121.73 ± 38.49e | 116.06 ± 28.52a,d | 0.022 |
Fasting insulin (FI) | 16.86 ± 11.41e | 18.52 ± 11.18e | 14.51 ± 7.65e | 14.76 ± 8.22 e | 10.74 ± 5.61a,b,c,d | <0.001 |
2-h insulin | 103.63 ± 74.65d,e | 101.91 ± 81.45e | 93.60 ± 69.4e | 75.29 ± 53.01a,e | 59.15 ± 39.2a,b,c,d | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose/fasting insulin | 7.30 ± 4.40e | 7.21 ± 4.78e | 8.14 ± 4.87e | 8.46 ± 6.64e | 10.64 ± 5.89a,b,c,d | <0.001 |
Ratio of 2-h glucose to 2-h insulin | 1.86 ± 1.40e | 1.56 ± 0.84e | 2.04 ± 1.66e | 2.15 ± 1.17e | 2.58 ± 1.40a,b,c,d | 0.001 |
Matsuda index | 4.81 ± 3.449e | 5.01 ± 4.19 | 6.02 ± 5.33 | 5.58 ± 3.28e | 7.19 ± 4.13a,d | 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.873 ± 2.99e | 4.48 ± 3.27e | 3.19 ± 1.86e | 3.46 ± 2.29e | 2.41 ± 1.42a,b,c,d | <0.001 |
HOMA-B | 237.14 ± 163.32e | 245.35 ± 139.7 | 227.93 ± 162.2e | 210.21 ± 138.2e | 161.93 ± 105.27a,c,d | 0.001 |
QUICKI | 0.32 ± 0.02e | 0.32 ± 0.03e | 0.33 ± 0.03e | 0.32 ± 0.03e | 0.34 ± 0.02a,b,c,d | <0.001 |