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Table 2 Factors associated with lack of early initiation of breastfeeding within Global Network sites by region for the years 2010 -2013*

From: Rates and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breast feeding at 42 days postnatal in six low and middle-income countries: A prospective cohort study

 

African Sites

Indian Sites

The Pakistan Site

Latin American Sites

 

%

RR (95% CI), P value

%

RR (95% CI), P value

%

RR (95% CI), P value

%

RR (95% CI), P value

Maternal Age

 

0.0052

 

NS

 

NS

 

NS

< 20

23.4

1.02 (0.97, 1.08), 0.4577

5.7

 

3.9

 

21.8

 

20-35

70.6

1.0

94.0

 

90.7

 

69.2

 

> 35

6. 0

1.09 (1.03, 1.15), 0.0014

0.3

 

5.4

 

9.0

 

Education

 

<.0001

 

0.0003

 

0.0121

 

NS

No formal education

6.8

1.19 (0.99, 1.43), 0.0668

11.8

0.95 (0.76, 1.17), 0.6094

82.7

1.05 (1.01, 1.08), 0.0057

10.8

 

Primary

63.2

1.16 (1.03, 1.30), 0.0124

25.1

1.24 (0.92, 1.67), 0.1511

7.8

1.04 (1.0, 1.07),0.0250

62.9

 

Secondary

27.3

1.06 (0.94, 1.20), 0.3487

48.3

1.03 (0.95, 1.12), 0.4557

6.0

1.0 (0.97, 1.04),0.7766

25.0

 

University or higher

2.7

1.0

14.8

1.0

3.5

1.0

1.3

 

Parity

 

0.0013

 

0.0236

 

<.0017

 

<.0001

0

25.9

1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 0.0294

45.2

1.04 (1.0, 1.08), 0.0353

20.5

1.02 (1.01, 1.04), <.0006

30.4

1.19 (1.09, 1.29), <.0001

1-2

38.3

1.0

50.2

1.0

32.5

1.0

37.5

1.0

> 2

35.8

0.94 (0.91, 0.98), 0.0013

4.6

1.16 (1.0, 1.35), 0.0489

47.0

1.02 (1.00, 1.03), <.0610

32.1

0.94 (0.90, 0.99), <.0245

Trimester of first ANC

 

NS

 

0.0279

 

NS

 

NS

First

6.1

 

70.3

1.0

24.1

 

39.4

 

Second

65.3

 

25.4

0.76 (0.58, 0.99), 0.0420

32.1

 

44.5

 

Third

28.6

 

4.3

0.49 (0.29, 0.84), 0.0093

43.8

 

16.1

 

Delivery mode

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

Vaginal

97.8

1.0

82.2

1.0

85.1

1.0

73.0

1.0

Vaginal assisted

1.0

1.26 (0.97, 1.62), 0.0796

0.7

0.75 (0.33, 1.71), 0.4892

5.5

1.07 (1.03, 1.11), 0.0002

0.1

1.24 (0.71, 2.17), 0.4480

C-section

1.2

2.06 (1.67, 2.54), <.0001

17.1

3.76 (1.77, 7.99), 0.0006

9.4

1.21 (1.13, 1.29), <.0001

26.9

2.26 (1.74, 2.93), <.0001

Birth attendant

 

NS

 

0.0001

 

0.0020

 

<.0001

Physician

1.9

 

59.1

1.0

25.3

1.0

57.6

1.0

Nurse/Midwife/HW

48.2

 

36.5

0.75 (0.55, 1.04), 0.0819

26.6

1.02 (0.97, 1.06), 0.4955

14.6

0.95 (0.69, 1.30), 0.7309

TBA

35.8

 

2.6

0.87 (0.43, 1.78), 0.7077

46.3

0.95 (0.91, 1.00), 0.0410

27.5

0.56 (0.41, 0.77), <.0004

Family/Other

14.1

 

1.8

2.22 (1.04, 4.71), 0.0385

1.8

1.0 (0.94, 1.06), 0.9867

0.3

1.37 (1.14, 1.64), 0.0008

Multiple birth

 

<.0001

 

NS

 

<.0001

 

NS

Yes

1.8

1.65 (1.47, 1.86), <.0001

1.2

 

2.0

1.08 (1.04, 1.11), <.0001

1.2

 

No

98.2

1.0

98.8

 

98.0

1.0

98.8

 

Gender

 

0.0077

     

<0.0008

Male

51.6

1.04 (1.01, 1.07), 0.0077

51.9

NS

52.2

NS

51.2

1.07 (1.03, 1.12), <.0008

Female

48.4

1.0

48.1

 

47.8

 

48.8

1.0

Birth weight

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

< 1000g

0.0

3.07 (2.09, 4.51), <.0001

0.0

3.32 (1.57, 6.99), 0.0016

0.0

1.29 (1.17, 1.41), <.0001

0.1

2.03 (1.60, 2.57), <.0001

1000-1499g

0.1

2.42 (1.94, 3.02), <.0001

0.4

2.63 (1.83, 3.77), <.0001

0.5

1.08 (0.99, 1.18), 0.0707

0.3

2.25 (1.90, 2.66), <.0001

1500-2499g

3.4

1.48 (1.32, 1.65), <.0001

12.9

1.33 (1.06, 1.68), 0.0134

13.5

1.05 (1.03, 1.08), <.0001

8.4

1.35 (1.23, 1.47), <.0001

≥ 2500g

96.5

1.0

86.7

1.0

86.0

1.0

91.2

1.0

Bag and mask resuscitation

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

Yes

1.6

2.15 (1.78, 2.61), <.0001

3.1

2.22 (1.84, 2.69), <.0001

4.6

1.10 (1.05, 1.15), <.0001

2.4

2.05 (1.74, 2.41), <.0001

No

98.4

1.0

96.9

1.0

95.4

1.0

97.6

1.0

Baby on mother's chest after delivery

 

<.0001

 

<0.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

Yes

68.4

1.0

60.6

1.0

6.6

1.0

64.9

1.0

No

31.6

1.98 (1.65, 2.37), <.0001

39.4

4.34 (2.67, 7.05), <.0001

93.4

1.67 (1.46, 1.91), <.0001

35.1

3.30 (2.32, 4.68), <.0001

  1. *Poisson multivariable reduced model with generalized estimating equations accounting for cluster; NS = Not significant
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Reproductive Health

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