Table 3 Association between maternal characteristics and a birth outside a health facility, Asembo/Gem, Western Kenya, December 2002*
n (%*) who delivered in a health facility (N = 111) | n (%*) who delivered outside a health facility (N = 524) | Factors associated with birth outside a health facility, univariate analysis, OR (95% CI) | Factors associated with birth outside a health facility, multivariable analysis, AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
< 18 years | 10 (9.0) | 30 (5.7) | 0.78 (0.36–1.67) | 0.77 (0.28–2.13) |
18–19 years | 19 (17.1) | 61 (11.6) | 0.83 (0.46–1.49) | 0.90 (0.45–1.82) |
20–29 years | 64 (57.7) | 247 (47.1) | Reference | Reference |
30–34 years | 10 (9.0) | 98 (18.7) | 2.54 (1.25–5.15) | 1.65 (0.69–3.94) |
> 34 years | 8 (7.2) | 88 (91.7) | 2.85 (1.31–6.18) | 1.25 (0.48–3.24) |
Parity | ||||
Para 1 | 30 (27.0) | 81 (15.5) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.98 (0.47–2.05) |
Para 2–4 | 56 (50.5) | 190 (36.3) | Reference | Reference |
Para ≥ 5 | 25 (22.5) | 253 (48.3) | 2.98 (1.80–4.96) | 1.63 (0.81–3.26) |
Marital status | ||||
Single/Widow | 22 (19.8) | 66 (12.6) | 0.58 (0.34–0.99) | 0.90 (0.45–1.81) |
Married | 89 (80.2) | 457 (87.4) | Reference | Reference |
Socio-economic status | ||||
Low/medium SES | 49 (46.7) | 303 (58.8) | 1.63 (1.07–2.49) | 1.61 (1.02–2.54) † |
High SES | 56 (53.3) | 212 (41.2) | Reference | Reference |
Education level | ||||
< 8 years | 44 (41.5) | 298 (58.4) | 1.98 (1.30–3.03) | 1.68 (1.04–2.69) † |
≥ 8 years | 62 (58.5) | 212 (41.6) | Reference | Reference |
Residence | ||||
Asembo | 60 (54.1) | 259 (49.4) | 0.83 (0.55–1.25) | |
Gem | 51 (45.9) | 265 (50.6) | Reference | |
Travel to ANC | ||||
Walking < 1 hour | 74 (66.7) | 251 (47.9) | Reference | Reference |
Walking 1 hour | 18 (16.2) | 126 (24.0) | 2.06 (1.18–3.61) | 1.71 (0.95–3.07) |
Walking > 1 hour | 10 (9.0) | 117 (22.3) | 3.45 (1.72–6.92) | 2.75 (1.33–5.68) |
Used bus or bicycle | 9 (8.1) | 30 (5.7) | 0.98 (0.45–2.16) | 1.24 (0.50–3.07) |
Previous child-death | ||||
≥ 3 times | 3 (2.7) | 44 (8.4) | 4.18 (1.27–13.81) | 1.35 (0.36–5.10) |
1 or 2 times | 23 (20.7) | 182 (34.7) | 2.26 (1.37–3.71) | 1.60 (0.89–2.88) |
None | 85 (76.6) | 298 (56.9) | Reference | Reference |
Previous stillbirth | ||||
Yes | 14 (12.6) | 59 (11.3) | 0.88 (0.47–1.64) | |
No | 97 (87.4) | 465 (88.7) | Reference |