Table 1 List programmes by approach showing three main types
Approach: | Programme name - Country | Reference(s) | Study Design | Programme initiation | Participants/Members | Services provided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health committee: Advisory committee | Emory University Family Planning Program - United States | Bradshaw 1972 [17] | Case study | Government initiated through federal guidelines, welcomed by professionals. | FP patients and community representatives with guidance and assistance from health professionals (when requested by committee members) | • Motivation for FP • Advisory role in FP programme |
Health committee: Supervisory committee | Tenewek Hospital Community Health Programme - Kenya | Jacobson 1989 [25] | Case study | Initiated by researchers, initial contact with community was made through congregations affiliated with the same mission as the hospital. Church leaders in villages interested in the project were involved. | Church leaders, village leaders and members, community health worker, community health programme staff | • Community-based health and FP services • Training of providers |
Health committee: Supervisory committee | Bouddha-Bahunepati Family Welfare Project - Nepal | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by British expatriate nurse who established links with local FPA. | Committee membership restricted to certain users (volunteers), district level FPA staff responsible for project implementation | • Motivation for and delivery of FP • MCH and basic health services • Integration and drinking water • Afforestation • Horticulture • Farming |
Health committee: Supervisory committee | Community-managed Rural Family Project - Sri Lanka | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by the FPA to expand pilot study | Local community leaders supervising health volunteers. District level staff responsible for implementation. | • Motivation for FP • Organization of committees • Community infrastructure |
Health committee: Co-management | Special Project with the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymesingh - Nepal | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by a university medical officer who established links with the local FPA | Committee membership restricted to certain service users. Community based project officer responsible for project implementation. | • Motivation and delivery of FP • MCH and basic health services • Revolving loan fund • Nonformal education |
Health committee: Co-management | Kundam Family Welfare Project - India | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by FPA India to replicate a pilot project in Karnataka | Committees with different types of members, including youth and women. Community based project coordinator manages implementation. | • Motivation for and delivery of FP • Health education • Nonformal education • Revolving loan fund • Skills training • Community infrastructure |
Health committee: Co-management | Community-Managed Welfare Projects Kaligonj - Bangladesh | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by FPA Bangladesh based on guidelines by IPPF. | Village action committee comprising of health volunteers. Representatives from village participate in management committee. Project officer based in community responsible for project implementation. | • Motivation and delivery of FP • Irrigation and drinking water • Sanitation • Pisiculture • Horticulture • Poultry and livestock • Revolving loan fund • Functional literacy |
Health committee: Co-management | Community-Managed Welfare Projects, Deokhuri - Nepal | Askew 1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by FPA Nepal based on guidelines by IPPF. | Village action committee comprising of health volunteers. Representatives from village participate in management committee. District level FPA staff responsible for project implementation. | • Motivation and delivery of FP • Irrigation and drinking water • Sanitation • Pisiculture • Horticulture • Poultry and livestock • Revolving loan fund • Functional literacy |
Health committee: Co-management | Community Health Department of the Chogoria Hospital - Kenya | DeBoer 1989 [20] | Case study | Initiated by hospital management | Community leaders from different altitude zones, CHD | • Motivation for and delivery of FP (initial focus) • Health education • Education and information programme for men and grandparents • MCH services • curative services |
Health committee: Co-management | Bamako Initiative - Senegal | Case study | Jointly developed by WHO and UNICEF was adopted and implemented by governments in the African Region, including the Senegal example | • Community co-financing and co-management of the provision low-cost essential drugs and supplies • Priority areas include: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, maternal health and malnutrition. | ||
Health committee: Co-management | Santa Barbara Project | Diaz 1999 [21] | Case study | Initiated by local municipality in Brazil in collaboration with the NGO, Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas (CEMICAMP) | Municipal health secretary, service providers, CEMICAMP representatives, members of the women’s group SOS Mulher (women's group created for the project) | • Training • Restructuring of provider roles and service delivery patterns, • Creation of referral centre • Delivery of FP - introduction of injectable contraceptive and vasectomy services and management process |
Health committee: Co-management | Swarnirwar Program | Islam 2001 [24] | Case study | Supported by Pathfinder International | Swanirwar officials, FP committees, Project officer and volunteers, Government FP workers, the family planning inspector (FPI) and local elite attend meetings | • home-based FP service • operate satellite clinics • Immunization |
Health committee: Co-management | Family Planning Facilitation Program | Islam 2001 [24] | Case study | Requested by the government, project initiated by the Health and Population Division of the NGO, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) | Community leaders | • Motivation and demand creation for FP • FP service provision |
Health committee: Co-management | Health and Population Sector Programme | Programme evaluation | Initiated by the government through the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. | A community group for each community clinic was established with individuals in that catchment area; service providers (Health Assistant or Family Welfare Assistant) | • Essential Services Package (ESP): RH, Child Health Care, Communicable disease control, limited curative care, and Behaviour Change Communications | |
Health committee: Co-management | Foundation of Research in Health system Project - India | FRHS, 2004 [22] | Experimental design | Initiated by the NGO, Foundation of Research in Health system with government encouragement. | Community members suggested by health providers and approved by adults in the community participated as committee members, health staff, NGOs, community facilitators | • Raise awareness about health issues related to reproductive and child health service • Promote new services • Identification of community needs |
Health committee: Co-management | Navrongo Study - Ghana | Quasi-experimental study | Initiated by the Ministry of Health. Conducted by the Navrongo Health Research Centre | Council of chiefs and elders – traditional male leaders | • FP and reproductive health • Outreach services, including education, referrals and limited range of health services | |
Nkwanta Initiative - Ghana | Quasi-experimental study | Ten Ministry of Health regional directors were informed of progress in Navrongo and district health management team were invited to observe the Navrongo Project firsthand. | Male community leaders identified among elected officials, teachers and clerics | • FP and reproductive health • Outreach services, including education, referrals and limited range of health services | ||
Community Health Planning and Services - Ghana | Solo 2005* [33], Solo 2005* [34], Baatiema 2013* [14], MOH Ghana 2009** [26] | *Case study, **programme evaluation | Ministry of Health through the Ghana Health Service, nation-wide implementation based on findings of the Navrongo Study and Nkwanta Initiative. | Community health nurse acts as community health officer and works with community members of the committee and volunteers. | • promotion and prevention, management of common ailments and their referrals and, case detection mobilization and referral • curative services, for instance malaria, HIV/AIDS • key MCH services, including, growth monitoring, ANC and FP services | |
Health committee: Community managed | Family Welfare Centre Project - Pakistan | Askew1989 [12] | Secondary analysis based on case studies | Initiated by local FPA | Community leaders who are self-selected and district level staff responsible for implementation | • Motivation for and delivery of FP • Training traditional birth attendants • Social education for women • MCH services • Adult literacy • Skills training |
Implementation Team: Quality Improvement Team | Better Life for Youth - Nepal | Save the Children 2004 [32] | Project Report | Initiated by research project team from NGO, Save the Children in collaboration with BP Memorial Health Foundation and Nepal Red Cross Society. | In- and out-of school youths from 10 to 21, health providers, research team | • IEC, peer education, training • FP/C promotion • Prevention of premarital pregnancy and early pregnancy • STI and HIV prevention • Telephone hotline counselling |
Implementation Team: Family Planning Implementation Team | Uganda Child Spacing Program | Patterson 2008 [28] | Project Report | Project initiated by Minnesota International Health Volunteers (MIHV) | District Health Officer/representatives, Community Development Officer, representative from Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development, MIHV staff who function as Program coordinator (nurse/midwife) and Program officer (role - community health educator), representative of FP-CHW selected by their peers and MIHV staff. | FP promotion and service provision |
Self-help organization collaboration | Maternal Child Health-Family Planning program - Bangladesh | Bhuiya 1998 [15] | Experimental Study | Initiated by International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research | Indigenous village-based self-help organizations (SHO), health service providers, research group | FP and maternal and child health services |
COPE: Quality Measurement Tool | Reproductive health services' quality improvement programme -Tanzania - | Bradley 2002 [16] | Case study | Project initiated by Reproductive Health care programme consortium that include the Ministry of Health, UMATI and EngenderHealth | Health supervisors, health providers and community (as sources of information, except in sites where community representatives have been invited to be more involved) | Reproductive health services |
COPE and JHU Bridging approach | Pont d'Or Project (Senegal Maternal/Family Planning Project) - Senegal | Programme evaluation (mid-term) | Pilot program created from the SM/PF Project initiated by Project team, Management Sciences for Health. | Providers and clients, research group, government, each level of health management is involved. | FP and maternal health services | |
Community score card | Tanzania community score care | CARE 2012 [19] | Programme report | Approach developed and implemented by international NGO, CARE | Community representatives, healthcare providers | FP and maternal health services |
Client-friendly FPA | Family Planning Associations – St Lucia, Guyana, Belize (three examples) | Campbell 1998 [18] | Project report | Initiated by International Planned Parenthood Federation Family Planning Associations in each country. | FPA staff with community members | FP services |
Participatory management | The Greater Soweto Maternal Child Project - South Africa | Ramontja 1998 [30] | Project report | Initiated by International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research | Community health workers, Local Soweto Health Authority, Civic Association and communities served | • HIV/AIDS counselling • Advice on family planning |
Social Network Package | Tékponon Jikuagou - Benin | IRH 2014 [23] | Quasi- experimental Study | Research project conducted by Institute for Reproductive Health Georgetown University. | Community groups, individuals, FP providers, members of research group | Motivation for FP |