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Table 3 Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa identified by multivariable multilevel logistic regression models, Demographic and Health Surveys data

From: Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries

 

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

Model 5e

 

OR (95% CrI)

OR (95% CrI)

OR (95% CrI)

OR (95% CrI)

OR (95% CrI)

Fixed-effect

     

Control variable

     

Survey years

     

 2008

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 2010

 

0.07 (0.04 to 0.12)

0.43 (0.20 to 0.76)

0.86 (0.44 to 1.91)

0.22 (0.07 to 0.62)

 2011

 

0.37 (0.12 to 0.67)

1.00 (0.76 to 1.25)

0.52 (0.37 to 0.65)

0.28 (0.16 to 0.39)

 2012

 

0.23 (0.16 to 0.33)

0.85 (0.58 to 1.19)

0.36 (0.29 to 0.43)

0.31 (0.14 to 0.52)

 2013

 

0.20 (0.11 to 0.39)

0.73 (0.51 to 0.94)

0.62 (0.53 to 0.76)

0.18 (0.11 to 0.31)

 2014

 

0.48 (0.31 to 0.74)

1.86 (1.55 to 2.16)

0.83 (0.69 to 1.00)

1.14 (0.68 to 1.85)

 2015

 

0.79 (0.11 to 2.04)

0.74 (0.53 to 1.10)

0.77 (0.52 to 1.05)

0.20 (0.07 to 0.37)

 2016

 

0.66 (0.17 to 1.01)

1.38 (0.92 to 1.95)

0.34 (0.19 to 0.53)

1.68 (0.36 to 4.21)

Individual-level factors

     

Age (%)

     

 15–24

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 25–34

 

1.21 (1.16 to 1.27)

  

1.19 (1.12 to 1.24)

 35–49

 

0.78 (0.74 to 0.82)

  

0.75 (0.71 to 0.79)

No of children

 

1.16 (1.14 to 1.17)

   

Wealth (%)

     

 Poorest

 

1(reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Poorer

 

1.37 (1.30 to 1.45)

  

1.24 (1.17 to 1.31)

 Middle

 

1.62 (1.53 to 1.72)

  

1.33 (1.26 to 1.41)

 Richer

 

2.17 (2.04 to 2.32)

  

1.60 (1.50 to 1.71)

 Richest

 

2.93 (2.73 to 3.15)

  

1.98 (1.82 to 2.13)

Partner’s education (%)

     

 No education

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Primary

 

1.69 (1.61 to 1.77)

  

1.62 (1.55 to 1.69)

 Secondary+

 

2.02 (1.93 to 2.12)

  

1.91 (1.83 to 2.00)

Labour force participation (yes, %)

 

1.14 (1.07 to 1.22)

  

1.14 (1.06 to 1.21)

Acceptance of wife beating (%)

     

 Low

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Medium

 

1.13 (1.08 to 1.19)

  

1.13 (1.08 to 1.18)

 High

 

0.98 (0.96 to 1.04)

  

1.01 (0.97 to 1.04)

Women’s knowledge level (%)

     

 Low

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Medium

 

1.51 (1.45 to 1.57)

  

1.46 (1.40 to 1.52)

 High

 

2.04 (1.94 to 2.14)

  

1.96 (1.87 to 2.05)

Decision making power

     

 Low

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Medium

 

1.23 (1.19 to 1.27)

  

1.21 (1.16 to 1.26)

 High

 

1.25 (1.20 to 1.31)

  

1.23 (1.18 to 1.29)

Neighbourhood factor

     

Neighbourhood SES (%)

     

 Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged)

  

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 Tertile 2

  

0.65 (0.63 to 0.68)

 

0.76 (0.71 to 0.81)

 Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)

  

0.31 (0.29 to 0.32)

 

0.43 (0.40 to 0.46)

Country-level factor

     

Conflict (yes vs no)

   

0.82 (0.66 to1.05)

1.20 (0.80 to 1.91)

Human Development Index (%)

     

 Low HDI

   

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Moderate HDI

   

2.83 (2.59 to 3.19)

1.56 (1.22 to 2.47)

 High HDI

   

3.75 (3.21 to 4.32)

1.75 (0.95 to 2.68)

Random-effect

     

Country-level

     

 Variance (95% CrI)

1.12 (0.67 to 1.87)

1.85 (1.06 to 3.17)

1.00 (0.60 to 1.69)

0.74 (0.44 to 1.23)

1.90 (0.99 to 3.47)

 VPC (%, 95 CrI)

20.9 (13.7 to 30.4)

30.5 (20.3 to 42.6)

19.9 (13.1 to 29.5)

31.2 (19.2 to 45.0)

31.2 (19.2 to 45.0)

 MOR (95% CrI)

2.75 (2.18 to 3.68)

3.66 (2.67 to 5.46)

2.59 (2.09 to 3.45)

3.73 (2.58 to 5.91)

3.73 (2.58 to 5.91)

Neighbourhood-level

     

 Variance (95% CrI)

0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)

0.93 (0.87 to 0.98)

0.72 (0.70 to 0.74)

0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)

0.90 (0.85 to 0.94)

 VPC (%, 95 CrI)

38.6 (32.6 to 46.4)

45.8 (37.0 to 55.8)

34.3 (28.2 to 42.5)

33.9 (29.2 to 40.1)

46.0 (35.8 to 57.3)

 MOR (95% CrI)

2.53 (2.50 to 2.57)

2.51 (2.43 to 2.57)

2.25 (2.22 to 2.28)

2.53 (2.50 to 2.57)

2.47 (2.41 to 2.53)

Model fit statistics

     

 DIC

474,622

122,624

473,685

474,632

122,165

Sample size

     

 Country-level

32

32

32

32

32

 Neighbourhood-level

16,748

15,344

16,748

16,748

15,344

 Individual-level

440,052

123,258

440,052

440,052

123,258

  1. aModel 1 – empty null model, baseline model without any explanatory variables (unconditional model)
  2. bModel 2 – adjusted for only individual-level factors
  3. cModel 3 – adjusted for only neighbourhood-level factors
  4. dModel 4 – adjusted for only country-level factors
  5. eModel 5 – adjusted for individual-, neighbourhood-, and country-level factors (full model)
  6. OR odds ratio, CrI credible interval, MOR median odds ratio, VPC variance partition coefficient, DIC Bayesian Deviance Information Criteria