Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | OR (95% CrI) | |
Fixed-effect | |||||
Control variable | |||||
Survey years | |||||
2008 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
2010 | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.12) | 0.43 (0.20 to 0.76) | 0.86 (0.44 to 1.91) | 0.22 (0.07 to 0.62) | |
2011 | 0.37 (0.12 to 0.67) | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.25) | 0.52 (0.37 to 0.65) | 0.28 (0.16 to 0.39) | |
2012 | 0.23 (0.16 to 0.33) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.19) | 0.36 (0.29 to 0.43) | 0.31 (0.14 to 0.52) | |
2013 | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.39) | 0.73 (0.51 to 0.94) | 0.62 (0.53 to 0.76) | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.31) | |
2014 | 0.48 (0.31 to 0.74) | 1.86 (1.55 to 2.16) | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.00) | 1.14 (0.68 to 1.85) | |
2015 | 0.79 (0.11 to 2.04) | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.10) | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.05) | 0.20 (0.07 to 0.37) | |
2016 | 0.66 (0.17 to 1.01) | 1.38 (0.92 to 1.95) | 0.34 (0.19 to 0.53) | 1.68 (0.36 to 4.21) | |
Individual-level factors | |||||
Age (%) | |||||
15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
25–34 | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.27) | 1.19 (1.12 to 1.24) | |||
35–49 | 0.78 (0.74 to 0.82) | 0.75 (0.71 to 0.79) | |||
No of children | 1.16 (1.14 to 1.17) | ||||
Wealth (%) | |||||
Poorest | 1(reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Poorer | 1.37 (1.30 to 1.45) | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.31) | |||
Middle | 1.62 (1.53 to 1.72) | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.41) | |||
Richer | 2.17 (2.04 to 2.32) | 1.60 (1.50 to 1.71) | |||
Richest | 2.93 (2.73 to 3.15) | 1.98 (1.82 to 2.13) | |||
Partner’s education (%) | |||||
No education | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Primary | 1.69 (1.61 to 1.77) | 1.62 (1.55 to 1.69) | |||
Secondary+ | 2.02 (1.93 to 2.12) | 1.91 (1.83 to 2.00) | |||
Labour force participation (yes, %) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.22) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.21) | |||
Acceptance of wife beating (%) | |||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Medium | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.18) | |||
High | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | |||
Women’s knowledge level (%) | |||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Medium | 1.51 (1.45 to 1.57) | 1.46 (1.40 to 1.52) | |||
High | 2.04 (1.94 to 2.14) | 1.96 (1.87 to 2.05) | |||
Decision making power | |||||
Low | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Medium | 1.23 (1.19 to 1.27) | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.26) | |||
High | 1.25 (1.20 to 1.31) | 1.23 (1.18 to 1.29) | |||
Neighbourhood factor | |||||
Neighbourhood SES (%) | |||||
Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Tertile 2 | 0.65 (0.63 to 0.68) | 0.76 (0.71 to 0.81) | |||
Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged) | 0.31 (0.29 to 0.32) | 0.43 (0.40 to 0.46) | |||
Country-level factor | |||||
Conflict (yes vs no) | 0.82 (0.66 to1.05) | 1.20 (0.80 to 1.91) | |||
Human Development Index (%) | |||||
Low HDI | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Moderate HDI | 2.83 (2.59 to 3.19) | 1.56 (1.22 to 2.47) | |||
High HDI | 3.75 (3.21 to 4.32) | 1.75 (0.95 to 2.68) | |||
Random-effect | |||||
Country-level | |||||
Variance (95% CrI) | 1.12 (0.67 to 1.87) | 1.85 (1.06 to 3.17) | 1.00 (0.60 to 1.69) | 0.74 (0.44 to 1.23) | 1.90 (0.99 to 3.47) |
VPC (%, 95 CrI) | 20.9 (13.7 to 30.4) | 30.5 (20.3 to 42.6) | 19.9 (13.1 to 29.5) | 31.2 (19.2 to 45.0) | 31.2 (19.2 to 45.0) |
MOR (95% CrI) | 2.75 (2.18 to 3.68) | 3.66 (2.67 to 5.46) | 2.59 (2.09 to 3.45) | 3.73 (2.58 to 5.91) | 3.73 (2.58 to 5.91) |
Neighbourhood-level | |||||
Variance (95% CrI) | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.98) | 0.72 (0.70 to 0.74) | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) |
VPC (%, 95 CrI) | 38.6 (32.6 to 46.4) | 45.8 (37.0 to 55.8) | 34.3 (28.2 to 42.5) | 33.9 (29.2 to 40.1) | 46.0 (35.8 to 57.3) |
MOR (95% CrI) | 2.53 (2.50 to 2.57) | 2.51 (2.43 to 2.57) | 2.25 (2.22 to 2.28) | 2.53 (2.50 to 2.57) | 2.47 (2.41 to 2.53) |
Model fit statistics | |||||
DIC | 474,622 | 122,624 | 473,685 | 474,632 | 122,165 |
Sample size | |||||
Country-level | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
Neighbourhood-level | 16,748 | 15,344 | 16,748 | 16,748 | 15,344 |
Individual-level | 440,052 | 123,258 | 440,052 | 440,052 | 123,258 |