From: Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi
Characteristics | 2004 | 2010 | 2015 | 2004–2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
BMI category (kg/m) | ||||||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 469 (96.7) | 16 (3.3)c | 265 (97.4) | 7 (2.6)b | 214 (95.5) | 10 (4.5)a | 11,509 (95.7) | 521 (4.3) |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 5253 (96.7) | 179 (3.3) | 3266 (95.4) | 158 (4.6) | 2990 (94.2) | 184 (5.8) | 1941 (93.4) | 137 (6.6) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 712 (95.8) | 31 (4.2) | 563 (94.0) | 36 (6.0) | 666 (90.5) | 70 (9.5)† | 570 (88.7) | 73 (11.3) |
Obese (≥30) | 124 (91.9) | 11 (8.1) | 255 (91.4) | 24 (9.6) | 191 (83.4) | 38 (16.6)† | 11,509 (95.7) | 521 (4.3) |
Sex of the child | ||||||||
Male | 3359 (96.4) | 126 (3.6) | 2176 (94.8) | 119 (5.2) | 2014 (92.6) | 162 (7.4) | 7549 (94.9) | 407 (5.1) |
Female | 3199 (96.7) | 111 (3.3) | 2173 (95.4) | 106 (4.6) | 2047 (93.6) | 140 (6.4) | 7419 (95.4) | 357 (4.6) |
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
15–19 | 434 (93.9) | 28 (6.1)b | 248 (95.4) | 12 (4.6)c | 264 (94.0) | 17 (6.0)c | 946 (94.3) | 57 (5.7)b |
20–24 | 2112 (96.2) | 84 (3.8) | 1153 (94.1) | 72 (5.9) | 1198 (93.4) | 85 (6.6) | 4463 (94.9) | 241 (5.1) |
25–29 | 1676 (96.6) | 59 (3.4) | 1234 (94.4) | 73 (5.6) | 1000 (91.4) | 94 (8.6) | 3910 (94.5) | 226 (5.5) |
30–34 | 1066 (96.9) | 34 (3.1) | 803 (96.9) | 26 (3.1) | 792 (92.5) | 64 (7.5) | 2661 (95.5) | 124 (4.5) |
35–49 | 1270 (97.5) | 32 (2.5) | 911 (95.6) | 42 (4.4) | 807 (95.1) | 42 (4.9) | 2988 (96.3) | 116 (3.7) |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||||
No formal education | 1695 (97.9) | 37 (2.1)a | 732 (97.6) | 18 (2.4)a | 508 (96.8) | 17 (3.2)a | 2935 (97.6) | 72 (2.4)a |
Primary | 4147 (96.7) | 141 (3.3) | 2994 (95.6) | 137 (4.4) | 2622 (94.4) | 157 (5.6) | 9763 (95.7) | 435 (4.3) |
Secondary or higher | 716 (92.4) | 59 (7.6) | 623 (89.9) | 70 (10.1) | 931 (87.9) | 128 12.1) | 2270 (89.8) | 257 (10.2) |
Household wealth | ||||||||
Poorest | 1249 (96.7) | 43 (3.3)a | 933 (96.5) | 34 (3.5)a | 879 (95.8) | 39 4.2)a | 3061 (96.4) | 116 (3.6)a |
Poor | 1454 (97.4) | 39 (2.6) | 953 (96.4) | 36 (3.6) | 892 (96.2) | 35 (3.8) | 3299 (96.8) | 110 (3.2) |
Middle | 1544 (97.5) | 40 (2.5) | 990 (96.2) | 39 (3.8) | 802 (94.4) | 48 (5.6) | 3336 (96.3) | 127 (3.7) |
Richer | 1342 (96.4) | 50 (3.6) | 853 (94.5) | 50 (5.5) | 763 (93.1) | 57 (6.9) | 2940 (94.9) | 157 (5.1) |
Richest | 987 (93.8) | 65 (6.2) | 620 (90.4) | 66 (9.6) | 725 (85.5) | 123(14.5) | 2332 (90.2) | 254 (9.8) |
Parity | ||||||||
1 | 1184 (93.8) | 79 (6.2)a | 640 (90.7) | 66 (9.3)a | 871 (90.3) | 94 (9.7)a | 2695 (91.9) | 239 (8.1)a |
2–3 | 2409 (96.9) | 78 (3.1) | 1582 (94.8) | 86 (5.2) | 1599(92.4) | 132 (7.6) | 5590 (95.0) | 296 (5.0) |
4–5 | 1564 (97.2) | 45 (2.8) | 1174 (96.9) | 38 (4.1) | 959 (95.0) | 51 (4.5) | 3697 (96.5) | 134 (3.5) |
≥ 6 | 1401 (97.6) | 35 (2.4) | 953 (96.5) | 35 (3.5) | 632 (96.2) | 25 (3.8) | 2986 (96.9) | 95 (3.1) |
Number of ANC visits | ||||||||
< 4 | 2774 (97.7) | 65 (2.3)b | 2434 (95.8) | 106(4.2)b | 2009(94.5) | 116 5.5)b | 7217 (96.2) | 287 (3.8)a |
≥ 4 | 3784 (95.7) | 172 (4.3) | 1915 (94.2) | 119 (5.8) | 2052(91.7) | 186 (8.3) | 7751 (94.2) | 477 (5.8) |
Smoking | ||||||||
No | 6540 (96.5) | 236 (3.5) | 4330 (95.1) | 224 (4.9) | 4036(93.1) | 301 (6.9) | 14,906 (95.1) | 761 (4.9) |
Yes | 18 (94.7) | 1 (5.3) | 19 (95.0) | 1 (5.0) | 25 (96.2) | 1 (3.8) | 62 (95.4) | 3 (4.6) |
Place of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 716 (94.1) | 45 (5.9)b | 449 (91.8) | 40 (8.2)b | 658 (86.2) | 105 (13.8)a | 1823 (90.6) | 190 (9.4)a |
Rural | 5842 (96.8) | 192 (3.2) | 3900 (95.5) | 185 (4.5) | 3403(94.5) | 197 (5.5) | 13,145 (95.8) | 574 (4.2) |
Geographical region | ||||||||
Northern | 852 (95.0) | 47 (4.5)c | 752 (94.2) | 46 (5.8) | 710 (89.1) | 7(10.9)a | 2314 (92.9) | 178 (7.1)a |
Central | 2409 (96.9) | 77 (3.1) | 1521 (95.6) | 70 (4.4) | 1433(93.4) | 101 (6.6) | 5363 (95.6) | 248 (4.4) |
Southern | 3297 (96.6) | 115 (3.4) | 2076 (95.0) | 109 (5.0) | 1918(94.4) | 114 (5.6) | 7291 (95.6) | 338 (4.4) |