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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and delivery factors and trends in maternal overweight and obesity by caesarian births from 2004 to 2015

From: Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi

Characteristics

2004

2010

2015

2004–2015

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

BMI category (kg/m)

 Underweight (< 18.5)

469 (96.7)

16 (3.3)c

265 (97.4)

7 (2.6)b

214 (95.5)

10 (4.5)a

11,509 (95.7)

521 (4.3)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

5253 (96.7)

179 (3.3)

3266 (95.4)

158 (4.6)

2990 (94.2)

184 (5.8)

1941 (93.4)

137 (6.6)

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

712 (95.8)

31 (4.2)

563 (94.0)

36 (6.0)

666 (90.5)

70 (9.5)†

570 (88.7)

73 (11.3)

 Obese (≥30)

124 (91.9)

11 (8.1)

255 (91.4)

24 (9.6)

191 (83.4)

38 (16.6)†

11,509 (95.7)

521 (4.3)

Sex of the child

 Male

3359 (96.4)

126 (3.6)

2176 (94.8)

119 (5.2)

2014 (92.6)

162 (7.4)

7549 (94.9)

407 (5.1)

 Female

3199 (96.7)

111 (3.3)

2173 (95.4)

106 (4.6)

2047 (93.6)

140 (6.4)

7419 (95.4)

357 (4.6)

Maternal age (years)

 15–19

434 (93.9)

28 (6.1)b

248 (95.4)

12 (4.6)c

264 (94.0)

17 (6.0)c

946 (94.3)

57 (5.7)b

 20–24

2112 (96.2)

84 (3.8)

1153 (94.1)

72 (5.9)

1198 (93.4)

85 (6.6)

4463 (94.9)

241 (5.1)

 25–29

1676 (96.6)

59 (3.4)

1234 (94.4)

73 (5.6)

1000 (91.4)

94 (8.6)

3910 (94.5)

226 (5.5)

 30–34

1066 (96.9)

34 (3.1)

803 (96.9)

26 (3.1)

792 (92.5)

64 (7.5)

2661 (95.5)

124 (4.5)

 35–49

1270 (97.5)

32 (2.5)

911 (95.6)

42 (4.4)

807 (95.1)

42 (4.9)

2988 (96.3)

116 (3.7)

Mother’s educational level

 No formal education

1695 (97.9)

37 (2.1)a

732 (97.6)

18 (2.4)a

508 (96.8)

17 (3.2)a

2935 (97.6)

72 (2.4)a

 Primary

4147 (96.7)

141 (3.3)

2994 (95.6)

137 (4.4)

2622 (94.4)

157 (5.6)

9763 (95.7)

435 (4.3)

 Secondary or higher

716 (92.4)

59 (7.6)

623 (89.9)

70 (10.1)

931 (87.9)

128 12.1)

2270 (89.8)

257 (10.2)

Household wealth

 Poorest

1249 (96.7)

43 (3.3)a

933 (96.5)

34 (3.5)a

879 (95.8)

39 4.2)a

3061 (96.4)

116 (3.6)a

 Poor

1454 (97.4)

39 (2.6)

953 (96.4)

36 (3.6)

892 (96.2)

35 (3.8)

3299 (96.8)

110 (3.2)

 Middle

1544 (97.5)

40 (2.5)

990 (96.2)

39 (3.8)

802 (94.4)

48 (5.6)

3336 (96.3)

127 (3.7)

 Richer

1342 (96.4)

50 (3.6)

853 (94.5)

50 (5.5)

763 (93.1)

57 (6.9)

2940 (94.9)

157 (5.1)

 Richest

987 (93.8)

65 (6.2)

620 (90.4)

66 (9.6)

725 (85.5)

123(14.5)

2332 (90.2)

254 (9.8)

Parity

 1

1184 (93.8)

79 (6.2)a

640 (90.7)

66 (9.3)a

871 (90.3)

94 (9.7)a

2695 (91.9)

239 (8.1)a

 2–3

2409 (96.9)

78 (3.1)

1582 (94.8)

86 (5.2)

1599(92.4)

132 (7.6)

5590 (95.0)

296 (5.0)

 4–5

1564 (97.2)

45 (2.8)

1174 (96.9)

38 (4.1)

959 (95.0)

51 (4.5)

3697 (96.5)

134 (3.5)

  ≥ 6

1401 (97.6)

35 (2.4)

953 (96.5)

35 (3.5)

632 (96.2)

25 (3.8)

2986 (96.9)

95 (3.1)

Number of ANC visits

  < 4

2774 (97.7)

65 (2.3)b

2434 (95.8)

106(4.2)b

2009(94.5)

116 5.5)b

7217 (96.2)

287 (3.8)a

  ≥ 4

3784 (95.7)

172 (4.3)

1915 (94.2)

119 (5.8)

2052(91.7)

186 (8.3)

7751 (94.2)

477 (5.8)

Smoking

 No

6540 (96.5)

236 (3.5)

4330 (95.1)

224 (4.9)

4036(93.1)

301 (6.9)

14,906 (95.1)

761 (4.9)

 Yes

18 (94.7)

1 (5.3)

19 (95.0)

1 (5.0)

25 (96.2)

1 (3.8)

62 (95.4)

3 (4.6)

Place of residence

 Urban

716 (94.1)

45 (5.9)b

449 (91.8)

40 (8.2)b

658 (86.2)

105 (13.8)a

1823 (90.6)

190 (9.4)a

 Rural

5842 (96.8)

192 (3.2)

3900 (95.5)

185 (4.5)

3403(94.5)

197 (5.5)

13,145 (95.8)

574 (4.2)

Geographical region

 Northern

852 (95.0)

47 (4.5)c

752 (94.2)

46 (5.8)

710 (89.1)

7(10.9)a

2314 (92.9)

178 (7.1)a

 Central

2409 (96.9)

77 (3.1)

1521 (95.6)

70 (4.4)

1433(93.4)

101 (6.6)

5363 (95.6)

248 (4.4)

 Southern

3297 (96.6)

115 (3.4)

2076 (95.0)

109 (5.0)

1918(94.4)

114 (5.6)

7291 (95.6)

338 (4.4)

  1. ANC Antenatal Care, BMI Body Mass Index; aP < 0.0001; bP < 0.001; cP < 0.05; †p-trend, < 0.001
  2. Boldface shows results of the trend analysis that overweight and obesity and caesarean births significantly increased by cohort years from 2004 to 2015