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Table 4 Association between unmet need for modern family planning and migration stream and covariates in women aged 15–49 years in Zambia

From: Impact of internal female migration on unmet need for modern contraception in Zambia

Independent variable

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

Migration stream [Urban non-migrant]

 Rural non-migrant

2.21***

1.70–2.86

1.41**

1.06–1.85

 Rural-rural migrant

1.90***

1.47–2.45

1.30*

1.00–1.70

 Urban-rural migrant

1.51**

1.10–2.09

1.16

0.83–1.60

 Urban-urban migrant

1.03

0.78–1.35

1.08

0.82–1.42

 Rural-urban migrant

1.31

0.95–1.80

1.11

0.80–1.54

Current residence [Urban]

 Rural

1.84***

1.60–2.12

  

Age [15–19]

 20–29

0.60***

0.49–0.73

0.62***

0.50–0.78

 30–39

0.72***

0.59–0.88

0.61***

0.47–0.78

 40–49

1.66***

1.33–2.07

1.29

0.97–1.70

Marital status [Unmarried]

 Married

1.11

0.92–1.33

0.97

0.78–1.21

Religion [Catholic]

 Protestant

1.15

0.96–1.37

  

 Other

1.86*

1.08–3.21

  

Ethnicity [Bemba]

 Tonga

0.97

0.77–1.22

  

 Lozi

0.99

0.76–1.30

  

 Other

0.96

0.82–1.12

  

Region [Central]

 Copperbelt

0.71**

0.54–0.92

  

 Eastern

0.80

0.62–1.04

  

 Luapula

1.18

0.89–1.56

  

 Lusaka

0.60***

0.45–0.79

  

 Muchinga

1.40*

1.02–1.93

  

 Northern

2.01***

1.49–2.72

  

 North Western

1.14

0.87–1.49

  

 Southern

0.88

0.67–1.16

  

 Western

0.83

0.60–1.14

  

Parity [0]

 1 to 3

0.69**

0.55–0.87

0.85

0.65–1.11

 4+

1.30*

1.03–1.65

1.26

0.92–1.71

Ideal number of children [0 to 2]

 3 to 4

0.91

0.69–1.19

  

 5+

1.42*

1.07–1.89

  

 Non-numeric

2.37***

1.59–3.54

  

Wealth index [Poorest]

 Poorer

0.77**

0.64–0.92

0.78**

0.65–0.94

 Middle

0.71***

0.59–0.85

0.74**

0.61–0.90

 Richer

0.55***

0.44–0.68

0.71**

0.56–0.90

 Richest

0.38***

0.30–0.47

0.57***

0.43–0.76

Occupation [Not working]

 Labourer

1.61***

1.39–1.87

  

 Professional

0.86

0.73–1.02

  

Highest education [None]

 Primary

0.77*

0.63–0.95

0.89

0.72–1.09

 Secondary or higher

0.47***

0.37–0.59

0.80

0.63–1.02

FP media exposure [No]

 Yes

0.70***

0.61–0.79

  

Access to FP [No]

 Yes

0.75***

0.65–0.87

  

Empowerment

 Ability to refuse sex [No]

  Yes

0.83**

0.73–0.95

  

  Don’t know

1.10

0.79–1.52

  

 Spousal abuse justified [No]

  Yes

1.29***

1.13–1.48

  

  Don’t know

1.18

0.84–1.65

  
  1. * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001