From: Impact of internal female migration on unmet need for modern contraception in Zambia
Independent variable | Univariate model | Multivariate model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
Migration stream [Urban non-migrant] | ||||
 Rural non-migrant | 2.21*** | 1.70–2.86 | 1.41** | 1.06–1.85 |
 Rural-rural migrant | 1.90*** | 1.47–2.45 | 1.30* | 1.00–1.70 |
 Urban-rural migrant | 1.51** | 1.10–2.09 | 1.16 | 0.83–1.60 |
 Urban-urban migrant | 1.03 | 0.78–1.35 | 1.08 | 0.82–1.42 |
 Rural-urban migrant | 1.31 | 0.95–1.80 | 1.11 | 0.80–1.54 |
Current residence [Urban] | ||||
 Rural | 1.84*** | 1.60–2.12 |  |  |
Age [15–19] | ||||
 20–29 | 0.60*** | 0.49–0.73 | 0.62*** | 0.50–0.78 |
 30–39 | 0.72*** | 0.59–0.88 | 0.61*** | 0.47–0.78 |
 40–49 | 1.66*** | 1.33–2.07 | 1.29 | 0.97–1.70 |
Marital status [Unmarried] | ||||
 Married | 1.11 | 0.92–1.33 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.21 |
Religion [Catholic] | ||||
 Protestant | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 |  |  |
 Other | 1.86* | 1.08–3.21 |  |  |
Ethnicity [Bemba] | ||||
 Tonga | 0.97 | 0.77–1.22 |  |  |
 Lozi | 0.99 | 0.76–1.30 |  |  |
 Other | 0.96 | 0.82–1.12 |  |  |
Region [Central] | ||||
 Copperbelt | 0.71** | 0.54–0.92 |  |  |
 Eastern | 0.80 | 0.62–1.04 |  |  |
 Luapula | 1.18 | 0.89–1.56 |  |  |
 Lusaka | 0.60*** | 0.45–0.79 |  |  |
 Muchinga | 1.40* | 1.02–1.93 |  |  |
 Northern | 2.01*** | 1.49–2.72 |  |  |
 North Western | 1.14 | 0.87–1.49 |  |  |
 Southern | 0.88 | 0.67–1.16 |  |  |
 Western | 0.83 | 0.60–1.14 |  |  |
Parity [0] | ||||
 1 to 3 | 0.69** | 0.55–0.87 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.11 |
 4+ | 1.30* | 1.03–1.65 | 1.26 | 0.92–1.71 |
Ideal number of children [0 to 2] | ||||
 3 to 4 | 0.91 | 0.69–1.19 |  |  |
 5+ | 1.42* | 1.07–1.89 |  |  |
 Non-numeric | 2.37*** | 1.59–3.54 |  |  |
Wealth index [Poorest] | ||||
 Poorer | 0.77** | 0.64–0.92 | 0.78** | 0.65–0.94 |
 Middle | 0.71*** | 0.59–0.85 | 0.74** | 0.61–0.90 |
 Richer | 0.55*** | 0.44–0.68 | 0.71** | 0.56–0.90 |
 Richest | 0.38*** | 0.30–0.47 | 0.57*** | 0.43–0.76 |
Occupation [Not working] | ||||
 Labourer | 1.61*** | 1.39–1.87 |  |  |
 Professional | 0.86 | 0.73–1.02 |  |  |
Highest education [None] | ||||
 Primary | 0.77* | 0.63–0.95 | 0.89 | 0.72–1.09 |
 Secondary or higher | 0.47*** | 0.37–0.59 | 0.80 | 0.63–1.02 |
FP media exposure [No] | ||||
 Yes | 0.70*** | 0.61–0.79 |  |  |
Access to FP [No] | ||||
 Yes | 0.75*** | 0.65–0.87 |  |  |
Empowerment | ||||
 Ability to refuse sex [No] | ||||
  Yes | 0.83** | 0.73–0.95 |  |  |
  Don’t know | 1.10 | 0.79–1.52 |  |  |
 Spousal abuse justified [No] | ||||
  Yes | 1.29*** | 1.13–1.48 |  |  |
  Don’t know | 1.18 | 0.84–1.65 |  |  |