Table 1 The association of socio-demographic variables with low birth weight
Variable | Reference | Total (n = 1964) | Normal birth weight (n = 1381) | Preterm low birth weight (n = 294) | Term low birth weight (n = 289) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Age (years) | 19–34 | 1686 (85.8) | 1204 (87.2) | 236 (80.3) | 246 (85.1) |
≤18 | 36 (1.8) | 18 (1.3) | 5 (1.7) | 13 (4.5) ** | |
≥35 | 242 (12.3) | 159 (11.5) | 53 (18.0) ** | 30 (10.4) * | |
Marital status | Married | 1862 (94.8) | 1326 (96.0) | 272 (92.5) | 264 (91.3) |
Unmarried or divorced | 102 (5.2) | 55 (4.0) | 22 (7.5) ** | 25 (8.7) ** | |
Education level | Primary or below | 68 (3.5) | 41 (3.0) | 12 (4.1) | 15 (5.2) |
Middle | 635 (32.3) | 418 (30.3) | 109 (37.1) | 108 (37.4) | |
High | 662 (33.7) | 468 (33.9) | 97 (33.0) | 97 (33.6) * | |
Junior college | 347 (17.7) | 269 (19.5) | 39 (13.3) * | 39 (13.5) ** | |
Undergraduate or beyond | 252 (12.8) | 185 (13.4) | 37 (12.6) | 30 (10.4) ** | |
Economic status (Ұ/month) | ≤3000 | 735 (37.4) | 468 (33.9) | 132 (44.9) | 135 (46.7) |
3001–5000 | 744 (37.9) | 538 (39.0) | 103 (35.0) ** | 103 (35.6) ** | |
5001–7000 | 275 (14.0) | 205 (14.8) | 37 (12.6) ** | 33 (11.4) ** | |
> 7000 | 210 (10.7) | 170 (12.3) | 22 (7.5) ** | 18 (6.2) ** | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 18.5–23.9 | 1189 (60.5) | 870 (63.0) | 175 (59.5) | 144 (49.8) |
< 18.5 | 573 (29.2) | 364 (26.4) | 88 (29.9) * | 121 (41.9) ** | |
24–27.9 | 161 (8.2) | 119 (8.6) | 23 (7.8) * | 19 (6.6) | |
≥28 | 41 (2.1) | 28 (2.0) | 8 (2.7) * | 5 (1.7) | |
Parity | 1 | 1121 (57.1) | 752 (54.5) | 184 (62.6) | 185 (64.0) |
>1 | 843 (42.9) | 629 (45.5) | 110 (37.4) ** | 104 (36.0) ** | |
History of LBW | No | 1889 (96.2) | 1354 (98.0) | 266 (90.5) | 269 (93.1) |
Yes | 75 (3.8) | 27 (2.0) | 28 (9.5) ** | 20 (6.9) ** | |
Antenatal care | ≤4 | 231 (11.8) | 119 (8.6) | 68 (23.1) | 44 (15.2) |
5–9 | 914 (46.5) | 582 (42.1) | 190 (64.6) ** | 142 (49.1) ** | |
10–14 | 752 (38.3) | 620 (44.9) | 34 (11.6) ** | 98 (33.9) ** | |
≥15 | 67 (3.4) | 60 (4.3) | 2 (0.7) ** | 5 (1.7) ** | |
Gestational hypertension | No | 1832 (93.3) | 1338 (96.9) | 243 (82.7) | 251 (86.9) |
Yes | 132 (6.7) | 43 (3.1) | 51 (17.3) ** | 38 (13.1) ** | |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | No | 1702 (86.7) | 1208 (87.5) | 248 (84.4) | 246 (85.1) |
Yes | 262 (13.3) | 173 (12.5) | 46 (15.6) | 43 (14.9) | |
Anemia during pregnancy | No | 1548 (78.8) | 1082 (78.3) | 240 (81.6) | 226 (78.2) |
Yes | 416 (21.2) | 299 (21.7) | 54 (18.4) | 63 (21.8) |