Table 3 Trends in Delivery and Mortality Rates by Site
Year | Overall Births, N | Institutional Delivery N (%) | Overall N (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stillbirth rate (per 1000 births) | Neonatal mortality < 28 days rate (per 1000 live births) | |||
Kenya | ||||
 2010 | 9177 | 3242 (35.8) | 19.3 (14.6, 25.5) | 19.0 (13.3, 27.0) |
 2011 | 9523 | 3672 (39.0) | 16.6 (12.2, 22.5) | 12.3 (9.8, 15.3) |
 2012 | 8905 | 3690 (41.9) | 25.6 (20.1, 32.6) | 13.6 (10.8, 17.2) |
 2013 | 8460 | 4236 (50.8) | 19.5 (14.9, 25.6) | 13.8 (11.0, 17.5) |
 2014 | 7875 | 5037 (64.8) | 23.0 (18.3, 28.7) | 11.5 (8.9, 14.9) |
 2015 | 7761 | 5560 (72.5) | 21.7 (17.1, 27.5) | 11.0 (8.4, 14.5) |
 2016 | 7692 | 5890 (77.5) | 20.1 (16.6, 24.3) | 12.6 (9.8, 16.3) |
 2017 | 7729 | 5386 (70.6) | 22.6 (19.3, 26.5) | 13.6 (9.9, 18.8) |
 2018 | 7692 | 6587 (86.7) | 15.8 (12.6, 19.7) | 11.8 (8.4, 16.5) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1 | Â | 0.4926 | 0.1419 | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  | 0.87 (0.5165) |  | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.04 (0.6299) | −0.18 (0.0414) | |
Zambia | ||||
 2010 | 7137 | 3571 (50.5) | 24.2 (18.2, 32.1) | 22.8 (17.5, 29.6) |
 2011 | 7113 | 4070 (57.7) | 17.5 (12.5, 24.6) | 15.9 (12.4, 20.4) |
 2012 | 6780 | 4458 (66.3) | 18.9 (14.6, 24.6) | 16.6 (12.3, 22.5) |
 2013 | 6798 | 4666 (69.3) | 18.7 (14.4, 24.4) | 15.2 (11.8, 19.7) |
 2014 | 6671 | 5171 (78.2) | 13.6 (10.3, 17.9) | 13.4 (8.8, 20.5) |
 2015 | 7265 | 5936 (82.7) | 13.4 (8.7, 20.7) | 13.9 (10.5, 18.4) |
 2016 | 7322 | 6054 (83.5) | 16.6 (13.3, 20.7) | 16.1 (12.8, 20.2) |
 2017 | 7074 | 6048 (86.6) | 16.8 (13.4, 21.2) | 13.2 (9.4, 18.5) |
 2018 | 6839 | 5968 (88.2) | 16.0 (12.5, 20.5) | 9.2 (6.9, 12.3) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1 | Â | 0.9896 | 0.0005 | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  | 0.59 (0.0704) | 0.45 (0.0092) | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.23 (0.0398) | −0.28 (0.0127) | |
Guatemala | ||||
 2010 | 4042 | 1134 (28.2) | 20.7 (16.5, 26.0) | 27.5 (21.4, 35.4) |
 2011 | 5900 | 2023 (34.5) | 19.5 (15.4, 24.7) | 22.4 (18.2, 27.5) |
 2012 | 5843 | 2422 (41.7) | 15.2 (11.2, 20.7) | 17.3 (13.6, 22.1) |
 2013 | 6761 | 3234 (48.1) | 17.3 (13.8, 21.8) | 22.0 (18.6, 25.9) |
 2014 | 7010 | 3447 (49.5) | 14.5 (11.7, 18.0) | 29.4 (25.8, 33.5) |
 2015 | 7326 | 3710 (51.0) | 18.6 (14.0, 24.9) | 25.2 (21.1, 30.0) |
 2016 | 7905 | 3941 (50.2) | 19.9 (15.4, 25.6) | 26.9 (23.3, 31.0) |
 2017 | 7410 | 4013 (54.4) | 18.9 (14.7, 24.3) | 20.0 (15.7, 25.4) |
 2018 | 6854 | 3931 (57.7) | 16.5 (13.8, 19.7) | 21.9 (18.3, 26.3) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1 | Â | 0.4570 | 0.0324 | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  |  | 0.68 (0.0859) | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.40 (0.0002) | −0.12 (0.2816) | |
Belagavi, India | ||||
 2010 | 11,922 | 10,961 (92.7) | 21.5 (17.7, 26.0) | 24.4 (20.3, 29.2) |
 2011 | 12,263 | 11,559 (94.9) | 20.7 (16.5, 26.0) | 21.9 (16.3, 29.4) |
 2012 | 12,831 | 12,173 (95.7) | 20.1 (17.3, 23.3) | 21.3 (18.0, 25.1) |
 2013 | 11,793 | 11,245 (96.1) | 15.0 (12.8, 17.6) | 23.6 (20.7, 26.9) |
 2014 | 6942 | 6529 (94.8) | 15.8 (12.7, 19.6) | 22.0 (19.1, 25.4) |
 2015 | 6637 | 6360 (96.6) | 14.1 (10.8, 18.3) | 18.5 (16.1, 21.3) |
 2016 | 6254 | 6086 (98.0) | 13.6 (10.7, 17.2) | 16.6 (13.9, 19.7) |
 2017 | 5641 | 5492 (97.9) | 11.2 (9.6, 13.0) | 18.1 (16.4, 20.1) |
 2018 | 5196 | 5079 (98.7) | 9.7 (7.3, 13.0) | 13.0 (10.1, 16.7) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1 | Â | 0.0049 | 0.0243 | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  | 0.04 (0.0006) | 0.08 (0.0018) | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.33 (0.0011) | −0.27 (0.0083) | |
Nagpur, India | ||||
 2010 | 9719 | 8671 (90.0) | 28.6 (24.9, 33.0) | 23.5 (19.8, 27.8) |
 2011 | 9203 | 8823 (96.6) | 20.7 (18.0, 23.9) | 17.9 (14.7, 21.9) |
 2012 | 9184 | 8939 (98.1) | 22.0 (19.0, 25.6) | 21.7 (18.2, 25.9) |
 2013 | 9568 | 9364 (98.8) | 20.7 (18.0, 23.9) | 23.5 (19.8, 27.8) |
 2014 | 8762 | 8628 (99.1) | 19.6 (16.0, 24.0) | 18.7 (15.6, 22.4) |
 2015 | 9469 | 9335 (99.5) | 19.4 (16.2, 23.2) | 17.7 (15.3, 20.6) |
 2016 | 8699 | 8557 (99.5) | 17.8 (14.4, 21.9) | 20.6 (18.2, 23.2) |
 2017 | 7987 | 7913 (99.8) | 16.5 (13.6, 19.9) | 16.5 (14.1, 19.3) |
 2018 | 7037 | 6971 (99.8) | 11.5 (8.8, 15.1) | 18.0 (15.4, 21.2) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1, 2 | Â | <.0001 | Â | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  | 0.04 (<.0001) | 0.22 (0.0302) | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.42 (<.0001) | −0.17 (0.0369) | |
Pakistan | ||||
 2010 | 8088 | 3677 (46.1) | 46.2 (39.3, 54.1) | 51.3 (42.7, 61.5) |
 2011 | 8120 | 4002 (50.0) | 51.4 (43.0, 61.4) | 58.3 (50.8, 66.8) |
 2012 | 6890 | 3455 (50.8) | 49.1 (43.6, 55.4) | 46.5 (40.0, 54.1) |
 2013 | 7033 | 4002 (57.7) | 59.5 (50.1, 70.8) | 51.7 (45.8, 58.4) |
 2014 | 6844 | 4105 (60.6) | 50.9 (44.6, 58.2) | 45.0 (41.0, 49.4) |
 2015 | 6396 | 3955 (62.7) | 47.0 (40.4, 54.7) | 52.8 (45.9, 60.7) |
 2016 | 6089 | 3910 (65.0) | 43.1 (36.6, 50.8) | 48.3 (43.4, 53.7) |
 2017 | 5958 | 4014 (68.1) | 42.1 (37.5, 47.3) | 48.3 (43.1, 54.1) |
 2018 | 5769 | 4137 (72.5) | 40.8 (35.5, 46.9) | 50.2 (45.2, 55.7) |
Birth-Level Analyses: Adjusted Linear trend p-value1 | Â | <.0001 | 0.0011 | |
Cluster-Level Analyses of mortality outcome with institutional delivery rate (IDR) | ||||
 Odds ratio for 1 unit increase in IDR (p-value) |  | 0.50 (0.0015) | 0.86 (0.4499) | |
 Partial correlation coefficient with IDR (p-value) |  | −0.23 (0.0259) | −0.07 (0.4756) | |