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Table 2 Trends in the maternal mortality ratio, stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates 2014–2018 for ongoing clusters and the percent change from 2014 to 2018 for the Pakistan site and the Indian, African and Guatemalan sites and for all sites but Pakistan

From: Why are the Pakistani maternal, fetal and newborn outcomes so poor compared to other low and middle-income countries?

Variable

Pakistan

India

Kenya and Zambia

DRC

Guatemala

Total except Pakistan

Maternal mortality < 42 days, n/N (rate/100,000 deliveries)

 2014

19/6810 (279)

19/15,720 (121)

14/14,351 (98)

20/6062 (330)

7/6965 (101)

60/43,098 (139)

 2015

20/6360 (314)

12/16,113 (74)

14/14,802 (95)

22/6050 (364)

8/7317 (109)

56/44,282 (126)

 2016

20/6057 (330)

15/14,951 (100)

9/14,831 (61)

10/6312 (158)

10/7888 (127)

44/43,982 (100)

 2017

28/5932 (472)

17/13,675 (124)

18/14,551 (124)

22/6709 (328)

11/7410 (148)

68/42,345 (161)

 2018

20/5735 (349)

15/12,238 (123)

11/14,289 (77)

24/6442 (373)

6/6846 (88)

56/39,815 (141)

Comparisons

RR estimate

RR 95% CI

RR P value

Trend P value

  

 Pakistan vs. total except Pakistan

2.56

2.05, 3.20

 < 0.0001

   

 Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

1.27

0.79, 2.02

0.3229

0.1134

  

 Total except Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

1.02

0.73, 1.42

0.9012

0.5040

  

Stillbirth, n/N (rate/1000 births)

 2014

379/6886 (55.0)

381/15,834 (24.1)

290/14,571 (19.9)

223/6168 (36.2)

119/7038 (16.9)

1,013/43,611 (23.2)

 2015

342/6446 (53.1)

396/16,261 (24.4)

277/15,044 (18.4)

257/6165 (41.7)

172/7384 (23.3)

1,102/44,854 (24.6)

 2016

302/6141 (49.2)

356/15,104 (23.6)

310/15,050 (20.6)

268/6429 (41.7)

177/7939 (22.3)

1,111/44,522 (25.0)

 2017

284/5996 (47.4)

297/13,768 (21.6)

320/14,836 (21.6)

236/6830 (34.6)

159/7446 (21.4)

1,012/42,880 (23.6)

 2018

257/5794 (44.4)

216/12,339 (17.5)

247/14,554 (17.0)

265/6551 (40.5)

139/6892 (20.2)

867/40,336 (21.5)

Comparisons

RR estimate

RR 95% CI

RR P value

Trend P value

  

 Pakistan vs. total except Pakistan

2.03

1.79, 2.30

 < 0.0001

   

 Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

0.80

0.70, 0.91

0.0009

0.0011

  

 Total except Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

0.93

0.82, 1.04

0.2063

0.1463

  

28-day neonatal mortality, n/N (rate/1000 live births)

 2014

305/6498 (46.9)

343/15,451 (22.2)

182/14,221 (12.8)

152/5933 (25.6)

210/6900 (30.4)

887/42,505 (20.9)

 2015

336/6098 (55.1)

314/15,863 (19.8)

190/14,699 (12.9)

143/5904 (24.2)

202/7207 (28.0)

849/43,673 (19.4)

 2016

295/5828 (50.6)

303/14,737 (20.6)

210/14,685 (14.3)

145/6159 (23.5)

224/7758 (28.9)

882/43,339 (20.4)

 2017

286/5701 (50.2)

262/13,468 (19.5)

203/14,397 (14.1)

171/6593 (25.9)

163/7285 (22.4)

799/41,743 (19.1)

 2018

283/5532 (51.2)

211/12,120 (17.4)

156/14,183 (11.0)

131/6282 (20.9)

160/6749 (23.7)

658/39,334 (16.7)

Comparisons

RR estimate

RR 95% CI

RR P value

Trend P value

  

 Pakistan vs. total except Pakistan

2.64

2.41,2.90

 < 0.0001

   

 Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

1.10

0.94, 1.29

0.2436

0.5819

  

 Total except Pakistan: 2018 vs. 2014

0.81

0.71, 0.91

0.0005

0.0026