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Table 3 Delivery methods and outcomes by infant gender

From: Gender variations in neonatal and early infant mortality in India and Pakistan: a secondary analysis from the Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry

Characteristic

Overall

Infant Gender

p-value

Male

Female

Infants1

297,509

154,790

142,719

 

Birth attendant, N (%)2

297,462

154,766

142,696

< .0001

 Physician

149,596 (50.3)

78,835 (50.9)

70,761 (49.6)

 Nurse/nurse midwife/LHW/HW

94,051 (31.6)

48,567 (31.4)

45,484 (31.9)

 TBA

43,296 (14.6)

22,066 (14.3)

21,230 (14.9)

 Family/self/other

10,519 (3.5)

5298 (3.4)

5221 (3.7)

Delivery location, N (%)2

297,439

154,754

142,685

< .0001

 Hospital

170,209 (57.2)

89,606 (57.9)

80,603 (56.5)

 Clinic/health center

82,577 (27.8)

42,592 (27.5)

39,985 (28.0)

 Home/other

44,653 (15.0)

22,556 (14.6)

22,097 (15.5)

Delivery mode, N (%)2

297,503

154,788

142,715

< .0001

 Vaginal

240,721 (80.9)

124,493 (80.4)

116,228 (81.4)

 Vaginal, assisted

4460 (1.5)

2389 (1.5)

2071 (1.5)

 C-section

52,322 (17.6)

27,906 (18.0)

24,416 (17.1)

Bag and mask resuscitation, N (%)2

295,508

153,749

141,759

< .0001

 Yes

18,177 (6.2)

10,353 (6.7)

7824 (5.5)

 No

277,331 (93.8)

143,396 (93.3)

133,935 (94.5)

Birth weight (measured and estimated), N (%)2

297,022

154,514

142,508

< .0001

 < 1000 g

1844 (0.6)

976 (0.6)

868 (0.6)

 1000–1499 g

4143 (1.4)

2172 (1.4)

1971 (1.4)

 1500–2499 g

49,117 (16.5)

23,619 (15.3)

25,498 (17.9)

 ≥ 2500 g

241,918 (81.4)

127,747 (82.7)

114,171 (80.1)

Birth weight (measured), N (%)2

292,082 (98.2)

151,798 (98.1)

140,284 (98.3)

< .0001

 Mean (std)

2,749.6 (477.5)

2,779.8 (486.2)

2,716.9 (465.7)

 Median (25p-75p)

2,750.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0)

2,800.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0)

2,700.0 (2,500.0, 3,000.0)

 

Gestational age, N (%)2

289,018

150,474

138,544

0.3232

 Preterm

39,302 (13.6)

20,547 (13.7)

18,755 (13.5)

 Term

249,716 (86.4)

129,927 (86.3)

119,789 (86.5)

Gestational age at delivery, N (%)2

280,287 (94.2)

145,633 (94.1)

134,654 (94.3)

< .0001

 Mean (std)

38.4 (3.4)

38.3 (3.4)

38.5 (3.4)

 Median (25p-75p)

39.0 (37.0, 40.0)

39.0 (37.0, 40.0)

39.0 (37.0, 40.0)

  1. 1All MNH Registry 2010–2018 infants born in 08 Belagavi, 11 Nagpur, and 09 Pakistan with exclusions miscarriage, MTP, and maternal deaths prior to delivery
  2. 2Categorical variable p-values are computed with a cluster-stratified CMH test, while continuous variable p-values are computed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test