Fig. 3

Separate maps of the causes of kunika. Female map synthesizes 12 female groups. Male map synthesizes 12 male groups. The State map and LGA map come from one group session each. The weights of the arrows indicate the cumulative net influence. The thickness of the lines is proportional to the weights. Self-pointing arrows indicate that separate maps indicated internal dynamics of these categories, meaning that some factors within the category contribute to the occurrence of other factors in the same category. To simplify the maps, we only included the relationships affecting the four strongest causes of kunika. B: Use of force or coercion; C: Lack of spousal communication about family planning; D: Lack of male involvement; G: Not using modern methods of family planning; H: Lack of use of health services; J: Lack of awareness about family planning and fear of side effects; L: Frequent sex and factors encouraging this; N: Family dynamics; O: Negative socio-economic conditions; P: Belief in faith and fate; Q: Lack of awareness about kunika; S: Lack of stigma around kunika