Authors | Findings (multivariate analysis) | Highlights of the study | Reasons for non-use of FP (if stated) |
---|---|---|---|
Abera et al. 2015 [41] | Age (CI: 1.04–6.04, p < 0.001) Resumption of menses (CI:5.85–14.63; p < 0.0001) Postpartum period (CI: 2.51–9.30; p = 0.034) Antenatal care* service (CI: 2.57–17.00; p = 0.001) Postnatal care** service (CI: 1.01–2.61; p = 0.042) | 97.15% of postpartum women had a good intention about PPFP (51.1% for spacing and 46.1% for limiting) 71.4% had resumed sexual activity Postpartum Contraceptive use (48.4%) | Low perceived risk of pregnancy (49.0%) Husband not living at home (16.8%) Medical problem (11.6%) Fear of side effect (7.7%) Spousal disapproval (6.3%) Religion (4.7%) |
Abraha et al. 2017 [42] | Women’s education (secondary, CI:1.29–14.00; p = 0.02 and tertiary, CI:1.14–25.45; p = 0.03) Menses resumption (CI:3.14–13.39; p < 0.001) Problems with previous contraceptive use (CI:0.16–0.72; p = 0.05) Resumption of sexual activity (CI:3.74–24.27; p < 0.001) Prenatal and postnatal FP counselling (CI:2.67–12.28; p < 0.001) PNC service (CI:1.15–4.87; p = 0.02) | 48% of postpartum women used modern contraceptives 28.9% had resumed sexual activity at 3-week postpartum | Absence of menses (65.7%) Fear of side effect (11.10%) A single mother (7.80%) Spousal disapproval (7.20%) |
Abraha et al. 2018 [43] | Knowledge of modern contraceptives (CI: 1.69, 15.82) Postpartum resumption of sexual activity (CI: 1.34, 3.92) Husband's approval of FP (CI: 2.02, 5.57) | 84.3% of postpartum women intended to utilise modern contraceptives, of which 83.3% were for spacing and 6.7% for limiting Only 43.7% of respondents attended PNC, that percentage was 98.1% for ANC | Not stated |
Achwoka et al. 2018 [56] | Age (CI: 1.00–1.61; p = 0.05) Women's education (CI:1.01–1.04; p = 0.004) Assisted delivery in a health facility (CI:1.06–1.49; p = 0.008) PF discussion during PNC (CI: 1.10–1.42; p = 0.001) PF discussion during ANC/ PNC (CI: 1.18–1.51; p < 0.001) | 77% of the participants needed PPFP, 30% of whom were not currently using any modern FP Only 63% of last pregnancies were desired | Not stated |
Gebremedhin et al. 2018 [44] | Marriage (CI: 0.03–0.22) Menses resumption (CI: 1.37–3.41) Postpartum period (CI: 1.18–4.75) History of previous PF use (CI: 0.07–0.18) | 39.10% of participants did not know the number of children they wish to have 54.5% were not counselled about FP during their ANC | Not stated |
Dona et al. 2018 [45] | Return of menses (CI: 1.47–3.81) FP communication with husband (CI: 1.09–2.41) ANC (CI: 1.23—3.01) PNC (CI: 1.23- 2.94) | Postpartum contraceptive use was at 31.7% 68.7% of participants delivered their last birth at home | Resumption of menses (46%) Distance to the health facilities (38%) Husband’s disapproval (19%) Lack of their preferred methods (11%) |
Berta et al. 2018 [46] | Resumption of menses (CI: 2.33–6.35) Resumption of sex (CI: 1.80–5.58) Postpartum period (CI: 1.11–5.55) Knowledge on FP (CI: 2.23–11.24) Husband’s approval (CI: 1.16–3.82) | Participants’ reproductive intention was for 41.8% for spacing and 33.7% for limiting | Non-menstruating (30.9%) Side effects (11.1%) Husband's disapproval (10.6%) Breastfeeding (14.3%) |
Bwazi et al. 2014 [54] | Women's education (p = 0.004) Age (p = 0.050) Side effects (p = 0.001) Knowledge of the PPFP services (p < 0.001) Duration of lactation amenorrhoea (p < 0.001) Sexual activity resumption (p < 0.001) Desired number of children (p = 0.020) Number of children (Primiparous) (p < 0.001) Clarity of FP information (p = 0.014) Husband's approval (p < 0.001) Husband’s assistance (p < 0.001) Spousal discussion on FP (p < 0.001) Counselling on FP (p = 0.026) | 23% of women had five or more children 38% of women and 33% of their husbands wanted five or more children 22.2% had at least one abortion | Menstruating women (11.40%) Unwilling to use FP (5.20%) Fear of infant death (22%) A single mother (3%) |
Thindwa et al. 2019 [55] | Age (CI: 1.8–9.9) Parity (CI: 1.8–39.5) Partner of unknown HIV-status (CI: 1.2–4.0) | 41.8% of respondents had an unplanned index pregnancy among whom 35% had an unmet need for FP, and 65% had a contraceptive failure 49.6% of women who did not desire any future child were not using contraception | Not stated |
Chinaeke et al. 2019 [51] | Disclosure of women’s HIV status to their partner/relative (CI: 1.2–3.3; p = 0.01) Mentor Mother (CI:0.3–0.8; p < 00.01) FP counselling (CI: 1.1–4.8; p = 0.03) | 87.5% of the postpartum women had received FP counselling 49.9% of respondents were not using modern contraceptive methods | Not stated |
Embafrash and Mekonnen 2019 [59] | Postpartum period (CI: 4.24–15.71) Low perception of pregnancy risk (CI: 1.04–3.09) Rural residence (CI: 2.57–19.95) | Unmet need for contraception was 36.7% of which spacing was 29.6% and limiting 7.1% 74.8% of respondents had resumed sexual intercourses and 23.7% of them were denied of PF counselling by health providers | Non-menstruating (69.6%) Side effects (13.5%) Abstinence (8.7%) Husband's disapproval (5.2%) Breastfeeding (4.5%) Religion (2.4%) Refusal to remove implants by health providers |
Idowu et al. 2015 [52] | Postpartum family planning awareness (CI: 0.0084–0.276; p < 0.001) | 46% of respondents had an unmet need for spacing and 56% for limiting | Lack of awareness (17%) Fear of side effects (17.4%) Distance to the health facility (13%) Husband's disapproval (15%) Preferred method not available (13.1%) Low perceived risk of pregnancy (12.7%); Poverty (12.3%) |
Iliyasu et al. 2018 [53] | Women’s education (CI:1.03–6.69; p = 0.043) Baby’s age/postpartum period (CI:1.06–3.49; p = 0.031) Resumption of sexual intercourse (CI:0.088–0.38; p = 0.001) Resumption of menses (CI:0.21–0.75; p = 0.004) | 67.9% of women resumed sexual activity two months of delivery, of whom 34.4% were not using any modern contraceptive methods 33% were in polygamous unions | Not stated |
Keesara et al. 2018 [57] | Qualitative study and the themes are presented | 88% of interviewed women were on contraceptive methods by three-months postpartum | Fear of side-effects Husband's disapproval (25%) Fear of infertility |
Tegegn et al. 2017 [47] | Knowledge of Lactational Amenorrhea Method (CI: 4.10, 15.02; p = 0.001) Low women's education (CI: 1.22–7.57; p = 0.017) ANC service (CI:1.11–5.79; p = 0.050) PNC service (CI:2.13–6.19; p = 0.0001) | 44% of respondents had an unmet need for contraception of which 43% for limiting and 57% for spacing The current infant was unwanted by 7.9% of participants | Low perceived risk of pregnancy (47%) Fear of side effect (16%) Abstinence (9%) Lack of their preferred Method (8%) |
Mengesha et al. 2015 [48] | Urban residence (CI: 2.93–11.63) Husband’s education (CI: 1.49–5.97) PNC services (CI: 1.06–4.52) Assisted delivery by health provider (CI: 1.01–3.51) | Postpartum contraception use was 10.3% of which 30.1% was for limiting Home delivery was at 81.1% | Not stated |
Gejo et al. 2019 [49] | Women's education (CI: 0.09–0.74) Sex resumption (CI: 1.53–11.52) Menses resumption (CI: 3.07–23.23) Postpartum period (CI: 0.11–0.64) | 73.9% of respondents were on contraception (85.29% of them for spacing and 7.72% for limiting) | Absence of menses (32.29%) Absence of spouse (20.8%) |
Sileo et al. 2015 [58] | Women’s education (CI: 1.05–3.95; P = 0.04) Prior use of contraceptives (CI: 1.42–83.05; p = 0.02) discussion on contraceptive use with partner (CI: 1.34—2.44; p < 0.001) | 74.8% of participants were not using any effective contraceptive method 63.5% reported being victims of emotional abuse and 45.8% of physical abuse | Not stated |
Abraha et al. 2018 [50] | Wealth (CI:1.1–3.2; p < 0.001) Partner/husband's education (CI: 1.1–2.6; p < 0.001) PNC service (CI:1.9–4.3; p < 0.001) Distance to the health facility (CI: 2.7–4.6; p < 0.01) ANC service (CI: 1.9–4.2); p < 0.01) | 49.3% attended the four ANC visits recommended by WHO 96.90% of respondents and 68.1% of their partners had tested for HIV 13.5% had complications during the puerperium period | Not stated |