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Table 3 Birth defects among adolescent mothers 12–19 and mothers 20–34 years of age

From: Comparative analysis of perinatal outcomes and birth defects amongst adolescent and older Ugandan mothers: evidence from a hospital-based surveillance database

ICD-10 RCPCH codea

Birth defects

Number of defects

cOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)d

p-value

  

12–19 years

20–34 years

   

Neural tube defects (NTD)*

 

9

95

0.77 (0.39–1.52)

0.63 (0.27–1.52)

0.311

Q00.0

Anencephaly

2

27

0.60 (0.14–2.52)

0.64 (0.14–2.90)

0.559

Q00.1

Craniorachischisis

0

2

na

na

na

Q01.0–Q01.2, Q01.8–Q01.9

Encephalocele

4

11

2.94 (0.94–9.24)

1.43 (0.27–7.43)

0.673

Q05.0–Q05.9

Spina bifida

3

56

0.43 (0.14–1.38)

0.40 (0.08–1.67)

0.202

Q02

Microcephaly

3

6

4.04 (1.01–16.17) β

4.54 (0.81–25.39)

0.085

Malformations of eyes and ears

5

28

1.44 (0.56–3.74)

3.09 (1.01–9.42)

0.047

Q11–Q11.1; Q11.2

Anophthalmia; Microphthalmia

3

12

2.02 (0.57–7.16)

3.21 (0.71–14.38)

0.128

Q16.0; Q17.2

Anotia; Microtia

2

16

1.01 (0.23–4.40)

2.94 (0.55–15.72)

0.206

Orofacial cleftsb

9

51

1.43 (0.70–2.90)

1.28 (0.57–2.91)

0.549

Q35.1–Q35.9, Q38.5, Q87.0

Cleft palate

2

13

1.24 (0.28–5.51)

0.71 (0.08–6.12)

0.752

Q36.0, Q36.9

Cleft lip alone

3

12

2.02 (0.57–7.16)

2.54 (0.59–11.50)

0.213

Q37.0–Q37.9

Cleft lip + palate

4

26

1.24 (0.43–3.56)

1.09 (0.35–3.41)

0.877

Q42.3

Imperforate anus

1

20

0.40 (0.05–3.01)

1.06 (0.12–9.08)

0.960

Q54.0–Q54.3, Q54.8–Q54.9

Hypospadiasc

10

104

0.75 (0.39–1.44)

0.63 (0.29–1.34)

0.230

Musculoskeletal system*

45

214

1.70 (1.23–2.35)β

1.69 (1.15–2.50)

0.008

Q66.0, Q66.8

Talipes equinovarus

22

128

1.41 (0.89–2.22)

1.33 (0.77–2.30)

0.309

Q71.0–Q73.8

Total limb reduction

8

44

1.47 (0.69–3.12)

1.75 (0.67–4.56)

0.249

Q79.2

Omphalocele

8

41

1.58 (0.74–3.37)

2.17 (0.92–5.18)

0.078

Q79.3

Gastroschisis

8

14

4.62 (1.93–11.02)β

3.20 (1.12–9.13)

0.030

  1. * Some infants had more than one type of defect in the neural tube defects and musculoskeletal system categories
  2. aInternational Classification of Disease 10, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (ICD-10 RCPCH), used to specifically clasify the types of defects included  [49]
  3. bExcluded Q36.1 (medial Cleft lip) because it is suggestive of underlying brain malformation (holoprosencephaly) and chromosomal syndrome [50]
  4. βStatistically significant at p<0.05
  5. na - Prevalence, cOR, aOR, and 95% confidence intervals that cannot be calculated
  6. cDenominator for males: N=51,922; 12-19 Years (n= 5,896); 20-34 Years (n= 46,026)
  7. dCovariates for the birth defect models: parity and initiation time of prenatal care