Rates and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breast feeding at 42 days postnatal in six low and middle-income countries: A prospective cohort study

Patel, Archana; Bucher, Sherri; Pusdekar, Yamini; Esamai, Fabian; Krebs, Nancy F; Goudar, Shivaprasad S; Chomba, Elwyn; Garces, Ana; Pasha, Omrana; Saleem, Sarah; Kodkany, Bhalachandra S; Liechty, Edward A; Kodkany, Bhala; Derman, Richard J; Carlo, Waldemar A; Hambidge, K Michael; Goldenberg, Robert L; Althabe, Fernando; Berrueta, Mabel; Moore, Janet L; McClure, Elizabeth M; Koso-Thomas, Marion; Hibberd, Patricia L

doi:10.1186/1742-4755-12-S2-S10

Reproductive Health

Table 3 Factors associated with lack of exclusive breast feeding within Global Network sites by region for the years 2010 -2013*

From: Rates and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breast feeding at 42 days postnatal in six low and middle-income countries: A prospective cohort study

	African Sites		Indian Sites		The Pakistan Site		The Guatemalan Site
	%	RR (95% CI), P value	%	RR (95% CI), P value	%	RR (95% CI), P value	%	RR (95% CI), P value
Maternal Age		0.0025		NS		0.0086		<.0001
< 20	24.3	1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 0.0390	5.1		3.9	0.90 (0.76, 1.06), 0.2009	16.1	0.81 (0.75, 0.89), <.0001
20-35	70.0	1.0	94.6		90.2	1.0	73.6	1.0
> 35	5.7	1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 0.0290	0.3		5.9	1.15 (1.05, 1.26), 0.0038	10.3	1.45 (1.30, 1.62),<.0001
Maternal education		<.0001		NS		NS		<.0001
No formal education	6.2	1.81 (1.05, 3.12), 0.0333	11.3		80.7		16.0	0.37(0.29, 0.48), <.0001
Primary	60.9	1.41 (0.86, 2.31), 0.1745	24.5		8.1		63.6	0.37(0.29, 0.48), <.0001
Secondary	29.6	1.18 (0.73, 1.90), 0.4939	48.1		7.0		19.2	0.60 (0.51, 0.70), <.0001
University or higher	3.3	1.0	16.1		4.2		1.3	1.0
Parity		0.0055		NS		0.0070		<.0001
0	27.2	0.85 (0.66, 1.10), 0.2220	43.9		20.2	1.10 (1.03, 1.16), 0.0019	28.6	1.20 (1.14, 1.26), <.0001
1-2	38.7	1.0	51.7		31.9	1.0	37.1	1.0
> 2	34.1	1.22 (1.07, 1.39), 0.0032	4.4		47.9	1.04 (0.97, 1.12), 0.2469	34.4	1.06 (0.97, 1.15), 0.1942
Trimester of first ANC		NS		0.0654		0.0699		0.0090
First	8.6		82.6	1.0	32.4	1.0	45.2	1.0
Second	59.7		14.9	1.33 (1.04, 1.70), 0.0213	27.7	0.93 (0.87, 1.00), 0.0629	41.3	0.94 (0.89, 0.99), 0.0127
Third	31.7		2.5	0.73 (0.34, 1.56), 0.4211	39.9	0.99 (0.92, 1.07), 0.8923	13.5	0.88 (0.79, 0.98), 0.0227
Birth attendant		0.0350		0.0027		NS		<.0001
Physician	2.0	1.0	62.4	1.0	30.0		51.3	1.0
Nurse/Midwife/HW	55.8	1.21 (0.84, 1.72), 0.3056	35.1	1.06 (0.87, 1.29), 0.5487	26.6		1.7	0.96 (0.71, 1.30), 0.7892
TBA	28.7	1.41 (0.92, 2.16), 0.1143	0.8	2.60 (1.47, 4.60), 0.0010	41.3		46.7	0.69 (0.64, 0.74), <.0001
Family/Other	13.5	1.43 (0.97, 2.09), 0.0674	1.7	0.67 (0.37, 1.20),0.1794	2.0		0.4	1.12 (0.67, 1.89) 0.6651
Multiple birth		<.0001		<.0001		<.0001		<.0001
Yes	1.8	2.27 (1.61, 3.19), <.0001	1.3	3.60 (2.17, 5.97), <.0001	2.0	1.99 (1.70, 2.34), <.0001	1.2	3.25 (2.75, 3.84), <.0001
No	98.2	1.0	98.7	1.0	98.0	1.0	98.8	1.0
Birth weight		NS		0.0378		NS		<.0001
< 2500 g	3.7		14.8	1.29 (1.01, 1.64), 0.0378	16.0		12.2	1.19 (1.11, 1.28), <.0001
≥ 2500 g	96.3		85.2	1.0	84.0		87.8	1.0
Bag and mask resuscitation		NS		NS		0.0657		0.0233
Yes	1.4		3.0		6.8	0.89 (0.79, 1.01), 0.0657	1.2	1.09 (1.01, 1.18), 0.0233
No	98.6		97.0		93.2	1.0	98.8	1.0
Timely initiation of breastfeeding		NS		0.0001		NS		0.0030
Yes	88.1		84.0	1.0	18.4		72.6	1.0
No	11.9		16.0	1.60 (1.25, 2.04 ), 0.0001	81.6		27.4	1.22 (1.07, 1.40), 0.0030

* Poisson multivariable reduced model with generalized estimating equations accounting for cluster; NS = Not significant

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ISSN: 1742-4755

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