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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of women's participation in decision making and socio-background characteristics

From: Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal

Socio-demographic Characteristics

Own health care

Major household purchases

Purchases daily household needs

Visits to her family or relatives

 

Odds Ratios

95% CI

Odds Ratios

95% CI

Odds Ratios

95% CI

Odds Ratios

95% CI

Age

        

15-19

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

20-24

2.88***

(2.33, 3.56)

2.95***

(2.37, 3.67)

2.88***

(2.34, 3.55)

2.67***

(2.18, 3.26)

25-29

4.60***

(3.73, 5.67)

5.70***

(4.60, 7.08)

6.29***

(5.12, 7.74)

4.82***

(3.95, 5.89)

30-34

5.28***

(4.25, 6.56)

8.97***

(7.17, 11.23)

9.65***

(7.77, 11.99)

7.13***

(5.78, 8.79)

35-39

6.02***

(4.83, 7.50)

10.22***

(8.13, 12.84)

11.72***

(9.37, 14.65)

8.55***

(6.90, 10.60)

40-44

6.91***

(5.52, 8.65)

13.77***

(10.87, 17.45)

13.88***

(11.01, 17.49)

11.95***

(9.54, 14.97)

45-49

7.43***

(5.88, 9.40)

13.48***

(10.53, 17.27)

13.39***

(10.50, 17.07)

13.35***

(10.49, 16.99)

Employment (past 12 months)

        

Not employed

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Employed for cash

1.91***

(1.67, 2.19)

2.69***

(2.34, 3.08)

2.84***

(2.46, 3.28)

2.84***

(2.46, 3.26)

Employed not for cash

0.91

(0.81, 1.03)

0.75***

(0.67, 0.85)

0.76***

(0.67, 0.86)

0.84**

(0.74, 0.95)

Number of living children

        

0

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1-2

2.93***

(2.46, 3.49)

3.45***

(2.89, 4.12)

3.75***

(3.16, 4.46)

3.09***

(2.62, 3.65)

3-4

4.13***

(3.46, 4.93)

6.43***

(5.37, 7.70)

7.29***

(6.10, 8.71)

5.53***

(4.66, 6.57)

5+

4.35***

(3.57, 5.29)

6.17***

(5.05, 7.55)

7.92***

(6.48, 9.69)

5.92***

(4.87, 7.19)

Residence

        

Urban

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Rural

0.70***

(0.62, 0.79)

0.58***

(0.51, 0.66)

0.48***

(0.42, 0.55)

0.57***

(0.50, 0.65)

Ecological zone

        

Mountain

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Hill

1.32**

(1.10, 1.57)

1.50***

(1.26, 1.79)

1.74***

(1.46, 2.07)

1.68***

(1.41, 2.01)

Terai

1.05

(0.89, 1.26)

1.12

(0.94, 1.33)

1.16

(0.98, 1.38)

1.04

(0.88, 1.24)

Development region

        

Eastern

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Central

1.01

(0.90, 1.14)

1.02

(0.91, 1.15)

1.01

(0.90, 1.15)

0.97

(0.85, 1.09)

Western

1.28***

(1.12, 1.46)

0.89

(0.77, 1.02)

0.82**

(0.71, 0.94)

0.97

(0.84, 1.11)

Mid-western

0.98

(0.83, 1.14)

0.85

(0.73, 1.00)

0.82*

(0.70, 0.97)

1.13

(0.96, 1.32)

Far-western

0.88

(0.75, 1.02)

0.92

(0.79, 1.06)

0.55***

(0.47, 0.64)

0.75***

(0.64, 0.87)

Education

        

No Education

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Primary

0.89

(0.79, 1.01)

0.79***

(0.70, 0.89)

0.81**

(0.72, 0.91)

0.77***

(0.68, 0.87)

Some secondary

0.98

(0.87, 1.10)

0.73***

(0.65, 0.82)

0.79***

(0.71, 0.89)

0.82**

(0.73, 0.92)

Higher (SLC and above)

1.58**

(1.20, 2.07)

1.41*

(1.07, 1.86)

1.34*

(1.01, 1.78)

1.38*

(1.04, 1.84)

Wealth quintile

        

Poorest

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Poorer

1.16*

(1.01, 1.34)

1.03

(0.89, 1.18)

1.04

(0.90, 1.19)

0.96

(0.84, 1.11)

Middle

0.88

(0.77, 1.01)

0.77***

(0.67, 0.89)

0.76***

(0.66, 0.87)

0.73***

(0.64, 0.84)

Richer

0.95

(0.83, 1.10)

0.91

(0.79, 1.05)

0.97

(0.84, 1.12)

0.87

(0.75, 1.00)

Richest

1.33***

(1.16, 1.53)

1.65***

(1.43, 1.90)

1.88***

(1.63, 2.18)

1.47***

(1.28, 1.70)

  1. Notes: OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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