From: Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil
Spontaneous/pPROM preterm births | P-value of Spontaneous vs. Term | Provider-initiated preterm births | P-value of Provider-initiated vs. Term | Term births (37–41 weeks) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Total | 1,681 | 100.0 | 1,090 | 100.0 | 20,677 | 100.0 | ||
Level 1 - Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
Childbirth healthcare | ||||||||
Public | 1,439 | 85.6 | 0.065 | 758 | 69.5 | <0.001 | 16,445 | 79.5 |
Private | 241 | 14.3 | 332 | 30.4 | 4,232 | 20.5 | ||
Age (n = 1,678, 1,087 and 20,674) | ||||||||
12 to 19 | 462 | 27.5 | <0.001 | 145 | 13.4 | <0.001 | 3,840 | 18.6 |
20 to 34 | 1,051 | 62.6 | 754 | 69.4 | 14,692 | 71.0 | ||
≥ 35 | 165 | 9.8 | 188 | 17.3 | 2,142 | 10.4 | ||
Skin color (n = 1,681, 1,087 and 20,673) | ||||||||
White | 522 | 31.1 | 0.312 | 414 | 38.1 | 0.084 | 7,075 | 34.2 |
Black | 155 | 9.2 | 70 | 6.5 | 1,765 | 8.5 | ||
brown | 1,003 | 59.7 | 603 | 55.5 | 11,833 | 57.3 | ||
Marital status (n = 1,678, 1,087 and 20,659) | ||||||||
Live with a partner | 1,356 | 80.4 | 0.701 | 927 | 85.3 | 0.024 | 16,818 | 81.4 |
Do not live with a partner | 321 | 19.0 | 160 | 14.7 | 3,841 | 18.6 | ||
Years of schooling (n = 1,672, 1,083 and 20,582) | ||||||||
≤ 7 | 544 | 32.5 | <0.001 | 230 | 21.2 | <0.001 | 5,349 | 26.0 |
8 to 10 | 469 | 28.0 | 222 | 20.5 | 5,265 | 25.6 | ||
11 to 14 | 562 | 33.6 | 475 | 43.9 | 8,097 | 39.3 | ||
≥ 15 | 97 | 5.8 | 156 | 14.4 | 1,871 | 9.1 | ||
Level 2 - Obstetric history | ||||||||
Previous births | ||||||||
0 | 872 | 51.9 | <0.001 | 556 | 51.0 | 0.032 | 9,565 | 46.3 |
1 to 2 | 611 | 36.4 | 416 | 38.1 | 9,029 | 43.6 | ||
≥ 3 | 197 | 11.7 | 118 | 10.9 | 2,083 | 10.1 | ||
Previous abortiona (n = 918, 626 and 12,166) | ||||||||
No | 635 | 69.2 | 0.206 | 394 | 63.0 | 0.005 | 8,710 | 71.6 |
Yes | 283 | 30.8 | 232 | 37.0 | 3,456 | 28.4 | ||
Previous stillbirth or neonatal deathb (n = 810, 534 and 11,113) | ||||||||
No | 729 | 90.1 | 0.003 | 468 | 87.6 | <0.001 | 10,385 | 93.4 |
Yes | 80 | 9.9 | 66 | 12.4 | 728 | 6.6 | ||
Previous preterm birthb (n = 810, 534 and 11,113) | ||||||||
No | 584 | 72.1 | <0.001 | 393 | 73.7 | <0.001 | 9,992 | 89.9 |
Yes | 226 | 27.9 | 140 | 26.3 | 1,121 | 10.1 | ||
Previous caesarean sectionb (n = 810, 534 and 11,113) | ||||||||
No | 587 | 72.5 | <0.001 | 241 | 45.0 | <0.001 | 6,585 | 59.2 |
1 | 171 | 21.2 | 202 | 37.8 | 3,465 | 31.2 | ||
≥ 2 | 51 | 6.3 | 91 | 17.1 | 1,063 | 9.6 | ||
Level 3 - Maternal/fetal conditions during pregnancy | ||||||||
Adequacy of antenatal care (n = 1,621, 1,061 and 20,175) | ||||||||
Adequate | 952 | 58.7 | <0.001 | 791 | 74.5 | <0.001 | 13,327 | 66.1 |
Inadequate or partially adequate | 669 | 41.3 | 270 | 25.5 | 6,848 | 33.9 | ||
Pre-pregnancy weight status (BMI) (n = 1,666, 1,078 and 20,604) | ||||||||
Urderweight (≤18,5) | 147 | 8.8 | 0.100 | 75 | 7.0 | <0.001 | 1,656 | 8.0 |
Normal weight (18,5-24,9) | 1,066 | 64.0 | 593 | 55.0 | 12,719 | 61.8 | ||
Overweight (25–29,9) | 342 | 20.5 | 259 | 24.0 | 4,326 | 21.0 | ||
Obese (≥30) | 112 | 6.7 | 152 | 14.1 | 1,903 | 9.2 | ||
Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 1,553 | 92.4 | 0.069 | 1,050 | 96.3 | 0.076 | 19,484 | 94.3 |
Yes, less than 10 cigarettes/day | 69 | 4.1 | 29 | 2.6 | 670 | 3.2 | ||
Yes, 10 or more cigarettes/day | 58 | 3.5 | 12 | 1.1 | 523 | 2.5 | ||
Type of pregnancy | ||||||||
Single | 1,483 | 88.2 | <0.001 | 924 | 84.7 | <0.001 | 20,476 | 99.0 |
Multiple | 198 | 11.8 | 166 | 15.3 | 201 | 1.0 | ||
Obstetric risk | ||||||||
Any below | 329 | 19.6 | 0.104 | 720 | 66.0 | <0.001 | 4,532 | 21.9 |
Hypertensive disordersc | 130 | 7.8 | 0.112 | 460 | 42.2 | <0.001 | 1,992 | 9.6 |
Eclampsia | 3 | 0.2 | 0.063 | 41 | 3.8 | <0.001 | 88 | 0.4 |
Preexisting Diabetes | 16 | 1.0 | 0.857 | 39 | 3.6 | <0.001 | 194 | 0.9 |
Gestational Diabetes | 113 | 6.7 | 0.115 | 168 | 15.4 | <0.001 | 1,657 | 8.0 |
Severe chronic diseasesd | 12 | 0.7 | 0.925 | 26 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 162 | 0.8 |
Infection at hospital admission for birth | 19 | 1.2 | <0.001 | 13 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 49 | 0.2 |
Abruptio placentae | 33 | 2.0 | 0.005 | 71 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 187 | 0.9 |
Placental praevia | 8 | 0.5 | 0.423 | 25 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 77 | 0.4 |
IUGR | 51 | 3.1 | 0.020 | 217 | 19.9 | <0.001 | 982 | 4.7 |
Major newborn malformatione | 10 | 0.6 | 0.025 | 10 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 31 | 0.1 |