| Abuya | Asefa | Kruk | Okafor | Sando |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bowser & Hill categories | |||||
1. Physical abuse | Physical abuse: Slapping, pinched, pushed, beaten or being poked during childbirth. Rape/sexual harassment. | The woman is not protected from physical harm or ill treatment: The provider used physical force/slapped me/hit me; I was: physically restrained; separated from my baby without medical indication; s denied food or fluid in labor unless medically necessitated; I did not receive comfort/pain-relief as necessary; The providers did not demonstrate caring in a culturally appropriate way | Physical abuse: Hitting, slapping, pushing, pinching or otherwise beating the patient; sexual harassment; rape | Physical abuse: Restrained or tied down during labor; Episiotomy given or sutured without anesthesia; Beaten, slapped, or pinched; Sexually abused by health worker | Physical abuse: Kicked, pinched, slapped, episiotomy without anesthesia, pushed, raped, other |
2. Non-consented care | Non-consented care: Treatment given without permission. No permission obtained before examination for medical procedures such as tubal ligation, hysterectomy. | The woman’s right to information, informed consent, and choice/preferences is not protected: The provider did not: introduce himself/herself to me and my companion; encourage me to ask questions; respond to my questions with promptness, politeness, and truthfulness; explain to me what is being done and what to expect throughout labor and birth; give me periodic updates on status and progress of my labor; allow me to move about during labor; allow to assume position of choice during birth; obtain my consent or permission prior to any procedure | Non-consented care: Non-consent for tubal ligation; non-consent for hysterectomy; non-consent for Caesarean section | Non-consented care: Episiotomy; Augmentation of labor; Shaving of pubic hair; Sterilization; Cesarean delivery; Blood transfusion | Non-consented care: Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, abdominal palpation, vaginal examination, episiotomy, other |
3. Non-confidential care | Non-confidential care: Treated in a way that violated privacy; Treated in a way that violated confidentiality. HIV status shown to others; health information discussed with non-health staff; uncovered during delivery or examination; no screens blocking view during delivery or examination; discussed her issues when other clients were listening. | The woman’s confidentiality and privacy is not protected: The provider did not use curtains or other visual barriers to protect me | Non-confidential care: Body seen by others | Non-confidential care: Age disclosure without consent; Provision of care without privacy; Medical history disclosure without consent; Disclosure of HIV status without consent | Non-confidential care: HIV status shown to others, other health information shown to others, HIV status shown to non-health staff, health information discussed with non-health staff, personal issues discussed in earshot of others, other Lack of privacy: Uncovered during delivery or examination, no screens blocking view during delivery or examination |
4. Non-dignified care | Non-dignified care: Provider talked or used a facial expression that made you feel uncomfortable. Use of non-dignifiedlanguage such as shouting and scolding; Threats of withholding services/threatened with going to theatre, called insulting names, laughed or scorned at. | The woman is not treated with dignity and respect: The provider did not speak to me politely; The provider made insults, intimidation, threats, or coerced me | Non-dignified care: Shouting/scolding; threatening to withhold treatment; threatening comments or negative or discouraging comments | Non-dignified care: Blamed or intimidated during childbirth; Threatened with cesarean delivery to discourage patient from shouting; Received slanderous remarks (aspersions) from birth attendant; Scolded, shouted at, or called stupid | Non-dignified care: Shouted at, scolded, threatened to withhold services, laughed at or scorned, other |
5. Discrimination | N/A | The woman did not receive equitable care, free of discrimination: The provider spoke to me in a language and at a language-level that I cannot understand; The provider showed disrespect to me based on any specific attribute | N/A | Discrimination on the basis of specific patient attributes: Denial of needed attention on the basis of ethnic origin; Denial of needed attention because of low social class; Denial of needed attention because of teen age (≤19 years); Denial of needed attention because of HIV-seropositive status | N/A |
6. Abandonment of care | Neglect/abandonment: Left unattended by health workers when you needed help; Ignored when sought help for pain relief or left unattended by heath workers when they needed help. | The woman is left without care/attention: The provider did not: encourage me to call if needed; come quickly when I called him/her; The provider left me alone or unattended | Neglect: Ignoring or abandoning patient when in need; delivered alone | Abandonment/neglect of care: Denied companionship by the husband or close relatives; Being left unattended in second stage of labor; Birth attendant failed to intervene in a life-threatening situation; Not granted requested attention because staff was exhausted | Abandonment: While in labor, while delivering, while experiencing a complication, after delivery, other |
7. Detention in facilities | Inappropriate demand for payment: Detention in facility for failure to pay; Request for a bribe for services | The woman is detained or confined against her will: I was detained in health facility against my will | Inappropriate demand for payments: Detention due to failure to pay; Request for bribe | Detention in the health facility: Discharge postponed until her hospital bills are paid; Detained in the hospital until infant’s bills are paid | Detention: Any |