Table 1 Details of PEO search terms used in all four searches

Exposure – intrapartum

Intrapartum or intra-partum or intra-natal or intranatal or birth* or childbirth or labour* or labor* or parturition

Exposure – epidural

Epidural* or epidural analgesia or epidural anesthesia or epidural anaesthesia or spinal-epidural or spinal epidural or spinal anaesthesia or spinal anesthesia or spinal analgesia or analgesia or anaesthsia or anesthesia

Exposure - opioids

Opioid* or pethidine or meperidine or Demerol or diamorphine or nalbuphine or butorphanol or meptazinol or pentazocine or fentanyl or remifentanil or tramadol or opiates

Exposure – massage

Massage or reflexology or zero balancing or trigger point or therapeutic touch or shiatsu or osteopath or neuromuscular massage or neuromuscular facilitation or myotherapy or myofacial release or musculo*skeletal therapy or manual therapy or deep tissue massage or cranio*sacral therapy or chiropractic* or bio*energy therapy or acupressure or tui na or compress*

Exposure - relaxation

Yoga or meditation or imagery or visuali*ation or breathing exercise* or music or audio*analgesia or progressive muscle relaxation or breathing technique* or psycho*prophylaxis or guided imagery or mindfulness

Outcomes

View* or experienc* or perspective* or perception* or opinion* or belief* or assum* or understand* or encounter* or attitude* or prefer* or feel* feasibil* or acceptab* or help* or meaning* or value*

Study type (only used if the hits using the terms above exceeded 1000)

Qualitative or interview* or “focus group*” or ethnograph* or phenomenolog* or “grounded theory”