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Table 3 Maternal and demographic characteristics for women in the Pakistani site and the Indian, African and Guatemalan sites and for all sites but Pakistan

From: Why are the Pakistani maternal, fetal and newborn outcomes so poor compared to other low and middle-income countries?

Variable

Pakistan

India

Kenya and Zambia

DRC

Guatemala

Total except Pakistan

Deliveries, N

91,076

205,203

136,567

31,604

82,902

456,276

Maternal age, N (%)

90,900

205,097

135,890

31,573

82,886

455,446

 < 20

3716 (4.1)

14,393 (7.0)

31,666 (23.3)

6047 (19.2)

13,907 (16.8)

66,013 (14.5)

 20–35

82,204 (90.4)

190,088 (92.7)

96,060 (70.7)

22,759 (72.1)

60,282 (72.7)

369,189 (81.1)

 > 35

4980 (5.5)

616 (0.3)

8164 (6.0)

2767 (8.8)

8697 (10.5)

20,244 (4.4)

Maternal education, N (%)

90,868

204,508

135,779

31,603

82,891

454,781

 No formal education

75,064 (82.6)

24,662 (12.1)

7,120 (5.2)

12,037 (38.1)

12,487 (15.1)

56,306 (12.4)

 Primary

7183 (7.9)

41,026 (20.1)

52,893 (39.0)

13,945 (44.1)

45,360 (54.7)

153,224 (33.7)

 Secondary

6339 (7.0)

113,202 (55.4)

70,155 (51.7)

5549 (17.6)

21,183 (25.6)

210,089 (46.2)

 University+

2282 (2.5)

25,618 (12.5)

5611 (4.1)

72 (0.2)

3861 (4.7)

35,162 (7.7)

Parity, N (%)

88,759

204,669

135,939

31,603

82,896

455,107

 0

16,902 (19.0)

89,947 (43.9)

39,444 (29.0)

5913 (18.7)

23,995 (28.9)

159,299 (35.0)

 1–2

29,772 (33.5)

104,544 (51.1)

52,557 (38.7)

9835 (31.1)

31,875 (38.5)

198,811 (43.7)

 3–4

20,089 (22.6)

9395 (4.6)

28,428 (20.9)

8573 (27.1)

13,849 (16.7)

60,245 (13.2)

 > 4

21,996 (24.8)

783 (0.4)

15,510 (11.4)

7282 (23.0)

13,177 (15.9)

36,752 (8.1)

 Mean (std)

3.0 (2.7)

0.8 (0.9)

1.9 (2.0)

2.8 (2.3)

2.2 (2.4)

1.5 (1.9)

Maternal weight, Mean (n, std)

49.9 (90,737, 9.5)

46.2 (200,839, 7.0)

60.1 (120,118, 9.2)

52.9 (31,602, 7.1)

56.8 (70,098, 9.4)

52.4 (422,657, 10.2)

Maternal BMI, Mean (n, std)

20.9 (90,702, 3.7)

20.0 (199,444, 2.9)

23.6 (77,245, 3.6)

21.5 (31,600, 2.4)

26.2 (64,595, 4.0)

22.0 (372,884, 4.0)

Antenatal care visits, N (%)

69,544

147,626

104,912

31,557

73,317

357,412

 0

5177 (7.4)

176 (0.1)

838 (0.8)

1235 (3.9)

2601 (3.5)

4850 (1.4)

 1–2

27,628 (39.7)

9078 (6.1)

19,999 (19.1)

6574 (20.8)

10,375 (14.2)

46,026 (12.9)

 ≥ 3

36,739 (52.8)

138,372 (93.7)

84,075 (80.1)

23,748 (75.3)

60,341 (82.3)

306,536 (85.8)

Tetanus toxoid vaccine, n/N (%)

46,629/90,992 (51.2)

204,674/205,094 (99.8)

125,115/136,555 (91.6)

27,498/31,595 (87.0)

60,146/82,672 (72.8)

417,433/455,916 (91.6)

Vitamins/calcium/iron, n/N (%)

66,389/90,984 (73.0)

203,323/204,901 (99.2)

132,669/136,561 (97.1)

29,614/31,593 (93.7)

78,273/82,881 (94.4)

443,879/455,936 (97.4)

  1. Characteristics compared between the Pakistan site and all other sites combined using chi-square tests for categorical factors and t-tests for continuous measures. All p-values were < 0.0001