Table 2 Socio-Demographic characteristics of the study population(N = 819)
From: Household fuel use and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a Ghanaian cohort study
Characteristic | Cooking Fuel Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Polluting (n = 279) | Clean (n = 540) | |||
Total Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-value | |
Gestational Age at Delivery (wks.) (n = 732) | 39.0 (1.9) | 39.1 (1.9) | 39.0 (1.9) | 0.68 |
Age at first ANC visit (yr.) (n = 819) | 28.3 (5.0) | 27.8 (5.6) | 28.5 (4.8) | 0.06 |
BMI (kg m−2) (n = 813) | 25.5 (4.8) | 25.0 (4.6) | 25.8 (4.8) | 0.01 |
Total group N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P-value | |
Maternal Education (n = 819) | < 0.001 | |||
No education | 83 (10) | 52 (19)) | 31 (6) | |
Primary school | 96 (12) | 40 (14) | 56 (10) | |
Lower Secondary or Vocational | 390 (48) | 143 (51) | 247 (46) | |
Upper Secondary & Tertiary | 250 (31) | 44 (16) | 206 (38) | |
SES by asset index (n = 819) | < 0.001 | |||
Lowest 40% | 303 (37) | 217 (77) | 86 (16.5) | |
Middle 40% | 339 (41) | 50 (18) | 289 (54) | |
Highest 20% | 177 (22) | 12 (4) | 165 (30.5) | |
Formal Employment (n = 819) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 103 (13) | 11 (4) | 92 (17) | |
No | 716 (87) | 268 (96) | 448 (83) | |
Ethnicity (n = 819) | 0.03 | |||
Akan | 293 (36) | 97 (35) | 196 (36) | |
Hausa | 158 (19) | 57 (20) | 101 (19) | |
Ewe | 171 (21) | 48 (17) | 123 (23) | |
Ga,Ga-Dangme | 83 (10) | 25 (9) | 58 (11) | |
Mole, Dagbon, Gonia, Other | 114 (14) | 52 (19) | 62 (11) | |
Parity (n = 819) | 0.89 | |||
0–1 | 573 (70) | 193 (69) | 380 (70) | |
2—3 | 230 (28) | 81 (29) | 149 (28) | |
> =4 | 16 (2) | 5 (2) | 11 (2) | |
Vitamin Use During Pregnancy | 411 (50) | 174 (47) | 326 (50) | 0.37 |