Table 2 Table of data extracted from included studies
Study first author, year | Country | Study aims | Participant, setting | Study design, data collection, and analysis | Quality | Findings | Collaborators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allen, J., 2015 [51] | Australia | Examine younger women’s experiences of caseload midwifery incorporating gANC | 4 Midwives Caseloading practice for women under 21 Purposive sampling | Qualitative critical ethnography FGD and observations thematic analysis starting with women's data and applied to midwives | H | Women had some benefits, and midwives observed some benefits for participants. The conclusion was that the model interfered with relationship building | Midwives co-facilitate with each other |
Baldwin, K., 2011 [52] | USA | Midwives’ thoughts, feelings, perceptions from pre-implementation through facilitation of five sessions of CP, also focus on sustainability | 6 Midwives 5 clinics in different regions of the United States (Northeast, Midwest, South) recruited at CP training Convenience sampling | Qualitative Design SSI face to face and over telephone at 5 different time periods transtheoretical health education model Colazzis method and thematic analysis | H | Emergence of five themes progression fromcurrent practice is just fine through anxiety about the model to empowerment and looking to the future | Midwives co-facilitate with each other |
Barnes, J., 2016 [53] | UK | Evaluation of the feasibility of the group family nurse partnership (FNP) program | 8 Family nurse partnership nurse midwives 4 community midwives 4 supervisors 4 family support workers Purposive sampling | Mixed Methods FGD and SSI Content Analysis | M | Content and format was positive for participants and FNP facilitators but women struggled to attend regularly and most vulnerable were not recruited and FNP found working with community staff challenging | FNP midwives cofacilitated with community midwives or family support workers |
Craswell, 2016 [54] | Australia | Evaluate a group care model collaboration between an academics, students, and public health service midwives | 5 Midwives 5 midwifery students clinic held on university grounds Purposive sampling | Qualitative design SSI and FGD thematic analysis following donobedians structure process outcome framework | H | Positive opportunity for continuity of care for midwifery students and positive collaboration between university and clinic midwives and positive views from participants | Academic midwives co-facilitate with students and clinic midwives |
Hunter, L., 2018 [67] | UK | Feasibility of implementing gANC in high diversity area by exploring midwife and other maternity care provider views | 16 Stakeholders 9 facilitating midwives 1 student midwife large diverse London NHS trust Purposive sampling | Inductive qualitative approach SSI informal group discussions and workshop post implementation the matic analysis | H | Intervention was supported as a solution to dissatisfaction with standard care, worries about privacy, self-checking and partners were overcome with adequate support and training and experience with the model and midwives enjoyed delivering care this way and felt satisfied with that care | Midwives co-facilitate with each other |
Klima, C., 2009 [63] | USA | Feasibility of implementing CP in a large urban clinic and associated outcomes | 4 Midwives 5 health centre staff Large urban public health clinic Purposive sampling | Mixed methods feasibility FGD thematic analysis | M | Midwives and staff felt women enjoyed their care and improved their attendance and satisfaction midwives and staff experienced challenges with implementation aspects such as scheduling and midwives found facilitation challenging and losing one to one interaction | Midwives co facilitate with project assistant or medical staff (training undefined) |
Lori, J., 2016 [55] | Ghana | Does gANC improve providers perceptions of communication and engagement-does facilitative gANC improve health information delivery-is a health literacy skills framework suitable for maternal health literacy development | 6 Midwives (4 participated in FGD) 1 nurse who co-facilitated groups busy clinic Ashanti region Convenience sampling | Mixed methods survey and FGD constant comparative analysis | H | No significant difference in survey of communication and engagement focus group identified themes of improved understanding of patient concerns, enhanced information and sharing with facilitated discussion, and improved communication with picture cards | Midwives co-facilitated with each other and a support nurse |
Lundeen, T., 2019 [60] | Rwanda | Understand the experience and job satisfaction and perceived stress of gANC providers as compared to standard ANC providers | 59 Nurses and midwives completed questionnaire 29 participated in FGD 18 health centres in Rwanda Cluster randomized sampling | Mixed methods nested study survey 3 FGD thematic analysis | H | Survey showed no change in job satisfaction or perceived stress however 86% midwives said they preferred gANC and FGD showed benefits for women and midwives and opportunities for problem solving implementation challenges with peer nurses and midwives | Midwives and nurses co-facilitate with CHWs whose experiences were not reported in this article |
Maier, B., 2013 [62] | Australia | Reflection piece | 1 Midwife caseloading Large urban hospital | Personal reflection | L | Author found this a very satisfying way to deliver antenatal care and thus extended it to postnatal groups and included students | Doesn't mention a co-facilitator but did have midwifery students in group |
McDonald, S., 2014 [56] | Canada | Experiences of low-risk women and their care providers with gANC | 5 Midwives Midwifery clinic in Ontario Purposive sampling | Qualitative descriptive study FGD thematic analysis | H | Women felt they received more information and support but less one on one time with midwifemidwives saw systems level challenges but saw professional benefits such as reduced workload and more autonomy for women | Midwives co-facilitate with each other |
McNeil, 2013 [58] Vekved, 2017 [59] | Canada | Understand the central meaning of centering pregnancy to family physician facilitators and perinatal educator facilitators | 3 Family physicians providing CP care in Calgary 5 perinatal educators providing CP care Low-risk group practice in Calgary Purposive sampling | Phenomenological approach IDI meaning units/thematic analysis confirmation fgd and interviews and re-analysis | M/H | Core meaning for physicians of "providing richer care" examined across six themes around more time and more satisfaction and seeing women create relationships with each other and physicianperinatal educators found a core meaning of "invested in success" covered by six themes including bridging the gap and getting to knowing and stepping back | Physicians co-facilitate with perinatal educators |
Novick, 2013 [49] Novick, 2012[66] | USA | What are perceived as the challenges to implementing centering and how is centering model adapted to meet these challenges? | 2 Nurse midwife group leaders 3 support staff included in participant observations 2 urban clinics in north-eastern US Purposive sampling | Longitudinal qualitative study interpretive description (Thorne, 2008) SSI with group leaders participant observation of centering sessions thematic analysis and situational mapping | M/M | Leaders were committed to gANC but hampered by resource constraints which resulted in modifications to the model that further impacted successgroup leaders felt strongly benefits to vulnerable women of participating in this model of care and women participating in this group found some respite from their stressors | One midwife had a staff member co-facilitator (not identified) the other had no co-facilitator |
Novick, G., 2015 [50] | USA | Identify barriers and facilitators to implementing CP in 6 urban sites | 14 Clinical site staff ( 2 administrators, 4 obstetricians, 3 nurse midwives, 1 registered nurse, 3 social workers, and 1 dietician) of whom 6 facilitated care Urban women’s health care clinics in 6 large hospitals Purposive sampling | Qualitative research conducted alongside a cluster RCT IDI and SSI A priori coding and implementation frameworks ATLAS software | H | Thriving sites had organizational cultures that supported innovation and committed staff and provider champions | Some had co-facilitators but they are not specified |
Patil, C., 2013 [64] | Malawi/ Tanzania | Determine if CP is an acceptable model in African antenatal care contextdevelop CP curriculum that maintains national guidelines and essential CP elementssmall pilot trial in Malawi | 1 Administrator 6 midwives 4 HSAs (community health workers) | Feasibility study with small pilot in advance of RCT ethnographic rapid assessment (action research model) observations and field notes by researchers of groups FGD with semi structured guide | H | Centering Pregnancy Africa was feasible and acceptable in the Malawian context and midwives adapted to and enjoyed the facilitation and greater information sharing | Co-facilitation format not specified |
Teate, 2013 [57] | Australia | Explore midwives’ experiences as they moved from one-to-one care to Centering Pregnancy care | 8 Midwives 2 public maternity services in Sydney (3 antenatal clinics, 2 community health centres) Purposive sampling | Qualitative descriptive and iterative action research designpre- and post-surveys, checklists, FGD, observations of facilitation meetings thematic content analysis | H | Midwives progressed throughout the action research from initial anxiety through to appreciating the benefits of CP for women and for their own relationship with women and for the support and training they received | Midwives co-facilitated with each other |
Thapa, P., 2019 [61] | Nepal | # of ANC visitinstitutional birth rate experience of the model and mechanism of impact from a variety of perspectives | 2 CHW and 2 government care providers Rural Nepal Purposive sampling (one interview with gov't care provider excluded) | Mixed methods cluster-controlled trial FGD with participants KII with providers directed content analysis approach theory of change codes and moving on to open coding [p. 4 Qualitative data were only gathered from those with direct experience of the intervention supervisory and Nyaya program staff had insights-where to include] | M/H | Women appreciated groups for learning and support providers appreciated relationship with community health workers and birth planning was a challenge for women and facilitators | Government midwife co-facilitated with Nyaya health chw |
Wisanskoonwong, P., 2011 [65] | Thailand | Develop a culturally appropriate model of group antenatal care for Thai women | 1 Midwife Meeting room near antenatal clinic of large hospital in Bangkok | Feminist Action researchpersonal reflection and evaluation | M | Reflection on decision to not wear her uniform for group care resulted in her perception of more equalized relationships in group care and giving up role of expert allowing more open discussion | Doesn’t mention co-facilitator in reflection |