Table 4 Themes, sub-themes and codes of manifestations of mistreatment during labour and childbirth

Physical and verbal abuse

Pressure on abdomen / Fundal pressure

6

Judgmental comments

14

Harsh and rude language

12

Threats of poor outcomes

8

Failure to meet professional standards of care

Painful vaginal exams

20

Neglect and abandonment

6

Refusal to provide pain relief

3

Poor rapport between women and providers

Lack of supportive care

11

Denial of mobility

18