Table 4 Description of semen parameters in different lifestyle
Characteristic | N | Semen volume(ml) | Progressive motility (%) | Total motility (%) | Sperm concentration(106/ml) | Sperm count (106/ml) | pH value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | Median (25th, 75th) | Effect size | ||
Smoking | |||||||||||||
 Yes | 47 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | 0.080 | 36.0 (22.0–48.0) | − 0.271 | 57.0 (42.0–72.0) | − 0.37 | 62.4 (38.3–99.8) | − 0.069 | 213.9 (121.6–408.1) | − 0.06 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.119 |
 No | 415 | 3.9 (3.0–4.6) | 37.0 (27.0–57.3)* | 67.0 (49.5–79.0) | 72.9 (41.3–111.7) | 236.3 (131.0–484.2) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
Losing weight or want to lose weight | |||||||||||||
 No need to lose weight | 252 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.002 | 26.5 (19.3–48.0) | 0.000 | 57.0 (42.0–72.0) | 0.000 | 61.0 (38.0–98.1) | 0.003 | 202.0 (118.8–388.6) | 0.003 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.000 |
 Want to lose weight | 168 | 3.8 (2.7–5.2) | 38.0 (25.0–48.5) | 58.8 (41.4–73.4) | 66.4 (36.4–107.1) | 243.9 (130.8–473.0) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Losing weight | 42 | 3.6 (2.4–5.5) | 36.0 (23.0–52.0) | 58.0 (42.2–72.9) | 62.7 (43.5–105.9) | 224.6 (140.2–473.9) | 7.3 (7.2–7.6) | ||||||
The way to lose weight | |||||||||||||
 Go on a diet | 68 | 3.7 (2.7–5.0) | 0.048 | 32.5 (20.3–46.0) | 0.009 | 55.0 (37.5–69.1) | 0.015 | 60.8 (34.2–87.7) | 0.016 | 197.3 (130.8–344.9) | 0.017 | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | 0.028 |
 Sports | 131 | 3.5 (2.4–5.0) | 38.0 (23.3–50.8) | 58.9 (42.2–74.2) | 64.2 (36.5–107.4) | 228.5 (110.7–481.3) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Take diet pills | 2 | 4.4 (3.5-.) | 49.5 (47.0-) | 71.5 (71.0-.) | 54.6 (42.4-.) | 229.1 (224.5-.) | 7.4 (7.2-.) | ||||||
 Eat weight loss health products (weight loss tea, meal replacement powder, etc.) | 8 | 3.6 (1.1–4.6) | 37.0 (22.3–47.8) | 51.5 (41.5–68.5) | 56.2 (39.7–86.1) | 132.7 (77.6–333.2) | 7.2 (7.2–7.6) | ||||||
 Weight loss device | 2 | 4.4 (2.7-.) | 35.0 (21.0-) | 64.0 (48.0-.) | 106.5 (100.0-.) | 473.9 (270.1-.) | 7.7 (7.6-.) | ||||||
 Other | 41 | 4.6 (3.0–6.5) | 38.0 (22.8–44.8) | 57.0 (41.5–72.1) | 64.2 (35.9–110.0) | 332.4 (142.8–658.7) | 7.5 (7.2–7.6) | ||||||
Duration of weight loss | |||||||||||||
 Less than 3 months | 200 | 3.7 (2.5–5.3) | 0.005 | 36.0 (22.0–49.0) | 0.005 | 58.0 (41.0–72.4) | 0.002 | 64.6 (39.0–97.1) | 0.012 | 235.5 (129.7–464.4) | 0.007 | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | 0.009 |
 3–6 months | 24 | 3.5 (2.0–4.6) | 42.5 (25.0–52.8) | 60.0 (37.1–79.8) | 62.6 (34.6–108.4) | 166.3 (133.7–334.2) | 7.4 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 6–12 months | 5 | 3.6 (2.7–7.6) | 41.0 (17.0–41.5) | 58.0 (37.1–66.7) | 35.2 (25.6–46.1) | 149.6 (80.4–289.0) | 7.5 (7.0–7.8) | ||||||
 More than 12 months | 17 | 3.8 (2.4–5.6) | 30.0 (25.0–51.5) | 54.0 (46.6–70.5) | 97.9 (32.3–139.1) | 270.1 (76.8–681.2) | 7.5 (7.2–7.7) | ||||||
The average amount of sleep per day | |||||||||||||
 More than 8 h | 49 | 4.0 (3.0–5.2) | 0.000 | 36.0 (28.0–52.0) | 0.002 | 59.0 (41.5–72.0) | 0.001 | 65.5 (44.4–122.5) | 0.014 | 272.5 (147.5–523.7) | 0.017 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.002 |
 Less than 6 h | 22 | 3.6 (3.0–5.3) | 36.0 (26.5–48.5) | 58.7 (34.8–75.0) | 42.5 (24.7–82.5) | 159.9 (104.7–252.9) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 6–8 h | 391 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 36.0 (21.5–49.0) | 58.0 (42.0–73.0) | 63.9 (38.3–99.7) | 211.7 (121.9–423.5) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
The average time spent on phones in bed before going to bed each day | |||||||||||||
 Under half an hour | 161 | 3.7 (2.5–5.4) | 0.011 | 34.0 (20.5–48.0) | 0.009 | 58.0 (40.0–73.3) | 0.012 | 58.3 (39.9–98.5) | 0.010 | 211.2 (121.3–389.4) | 0.006 | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | 0.017 |
 Half an hour to an hour | 191 | 3.4 (2.5–5.0) | 40.5 (25.0–52.0) | 59.5 (45.1–75.0) | 69.7 (41.3–108.2) | 224.6 (125.4–433.0) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 1–2 h | 80 | 4.0 (2.6–6.0) | 33.5 (21.3–46.5) | 58.0 (42.5–69.0) | 65.4 (36.5–99.7) | 262.7 (127.3–503.3) | 7.4 (7.2–7.6) | ||||||
 More than 2 h | 30 | 3.7 (3.1–4.5) | 34.0 (22.0–42.0) | 52.0 (35.8–69.3) | 43.8 (27.7–67.6) | 158.2 (87.3–329.5) | 7.4 (7.2–7.7)* | ||||||
Sleep time at night | |||||||||||||
 Before 22:00 | 39 | 4.6 (2.8–6.3) | 0.016 | 42.5 (27.0–55.0) | 0.018 | 63.0 (45.0–71.0) | 0.014 | 81.0 (36.9–108.2) | 0.021 | 355.2 (129.5–560.2) | 0.027 | 7.4 (7.2–7.5) | 0.003 |
 22:00 to 24:00 | 320 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | 33.0 (20.3–45.8) | 56.5 (41.4–72.0) | 62.0 (40.6–93.7) | 213.7 (121.8–400.9) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 After 24:00 | 100 | 3.4 (2.5–5.0) | 42.0 (28.0–52.5) | 59.5 (44.2–80.0) | 65.2 (34.3–111.2) | 209.1 (118.5–430.6) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 All night long | 3 | 5.0 (3.8-.) | 42.5 (28.0–55.0) | 35.0 (25.0-.) | 28.5 (24.4-.) | 146.3 (108.1-.) | 7.5 (7.3-.) | ||||||
Difficulty falling asleep (can not fall asleep within 30Â min) | |||||||||||||
 No | 168 | 3.5 (2.3–5.0) | 0.005 | 39.0 (22.0–52.0) | 0.005 | 61.1 (44.2–75.3) | 0.010 | 60.7 (37.8–95.7) | 0.007 | 191.6 (112.2–367.6) | 0.012 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5)* | 0.024 |
 Occasionally | 241 | 3.8 (2.7–5.0) | 35.5 (24.3–47.0) | 56.0 (42.0–71.0) | 63.5 (38.9–103.1) | 224.6 (125.2–428.1) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 53 | 3.8 (2.5–5.7) | 32.0 (16.0–50.0) | 54.0 (35.5–75.0) | 67.4 (42.3–97.4) | 240.6 (160.5–444.7) | 7.2 (7.0–7.3) | ||||||
Going to toilet at night and interfere with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 215 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.000 | 38.0 (23.3–48.0) | 0.005 | 59.0 (44.0–73.0) | 0.002 | 59.0 (36.6–93.7) | 0.006 | 196.4 (121.6–402.8) | 0.008 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.009 |
 Occasionally | 209 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | 32.0 (20.0–49.0) | 58.0 (39.9–73.1) | 65.8 (40.9–109.5) | 236.6 (119.7–456.1) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 38 | 3.6 (2.8–5.1) | 40.0 (32.0–52.0) | 55.6 (47.8–67.3) | 62.0 (40.9–89.9) | 255.3 (170.2–333.1) | 7.3 (7.2–7.6) | ||||||
Shortness of breath that interferes with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 380 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | 0.001 | 37.0 (24.3–49.0) | 0.005 | 59.0 (43.9–73.2) | 0.006 | 62.0 (38.3–98.1) | 0.009 | 205.5 (119.6–403.4) | 0.007 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.000 |
 Occasionally | 79 | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) | 34.0 (19.0–50.0) | 54.0 (37.0–70.0) | 67.4 (36.1–128.0) | 249.2 (131.0–512.1) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 3 | 4.8 (2.0-.) | 36.0 (11.0-) | 54.0 (34.0-.) | 54.4 (46.6-.) | 333.8 (93.3-.) | 7.4 (7.2-.) | ||||||
Coughing or snoring loudly that interferes with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 309 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.008 | 37.0 (24.0–49.8) | 0.001 | 58.0 (44.0–73.0) | 0.000 | 59.5 (38.0–98.3) | 0.005 | 201.3 (117.2–387.9) | 0.008 | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | 0.006 |
 Occasionally | 137 | 4.0 (2.6–5.9) | 35.0 (21.0–51.0) | 59.0 (41.5–73.0) | 69.7 (40.2–115.9) | 243.5 (138.3–538.6) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 16 | 4.2 (3.3–5.0) | 36.0 (14.0–39.0) | 44.5 (26.7–58.4) | 61.0 (38.6–118.0) | 238.1 (124.9–477.1) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
Feeling cold during sleeping interferes with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 268 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.005 | 36.0 (22.0–48.0) | 0.004 | 58.0 (41.0–73.6) | 0.003 | 59.2 (39.0–98.7) | 0.002 | 203.1 (120.7–388.7) | 0.003 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.005 |
 Occasionally | 183 | 4.0 (2.7–5.6) | 36.5 (23.0–51.3) | 58.0 (42.0–73.0) | 66.6 (38.3–107.4) | 237.7 (127.3–475.5) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 11 | 3.5 (2.0–5.0) | 43.0 (36.0-) | 59.0 (53.0–71.3) | 65.1 (29.3–93.3) | 183.5 (86.1–403.6) | 7.2 (7.2–7.7) | ||||||
Feeling hot while sleeping interferes with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 236 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.015 | 38.0 (25.0–49.0) | 0.002 | 59.0 (42.4–73.6) | 0.001 | 65.1 (40.9–101.0) | 0.006 | 225.4 (126.3–425.8) | 0.024 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.001 |
 Occasionally | 216 | 4.0 (2.8–5.0) | 36.0 (21.3–48.8) | 57.0 (42.0–71.0) | 61.1 (32.9–97.2) | 206.8 (116.4–413.4) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 10 | 3.8 (2.5–7.1) | 37.0 (16.3–61.0) | 67.6 (28.8–86.9) | 80.7 (43.7–123.9) | 371.0 (135.5–742.4) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
Pain and discomfort during sleeping can interfere with sleep | |||||||||||||
 No | 319 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 0.008 | 37.0 (25.0–49.0) | 0.004 | 58.0 (42.9–72.0) | 0.002 | 63.0 (38.3–97.2) | 0.011 | 204.0 (119.3–387.8) | 0.004 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.014 |
 Occasionally | 134 | 4.1 (2.7–6.0) | 36.0 (20.3–51.5) | 57.5 (39.7–75.0) | 64.0 (38.2–121.7) | 249.2 (130.1–523.0) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 9 | 4.0 (2.0–5.7) | 16.0 (4.0-) | 59.0 (35.2–68.9) | 53.3 (39.0–84.0) | 183.5 (103.3–384.0) | 7.3 (7.1–7.6) | ||||||
Wake up time in workday (nearly a month) | |||||||||||||
 Before 6:00 | 30 | 4.1 (3.1–6.0) | 0.000 | 36.0 (25.5–50.0) | 0.001 | 60.0 (35.0–73.0) | 0.000 | 78.8 (39.1–134.0) | 0.031 | 377.4 (151.9–564.8) | 0.049 | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | 0.000 |
 6:00–8:00 | 380 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | 36.0 (22.0–48.0) | 58.0 (42.0–72.8) | 60.7 (38.3–96.8) | 210.4 (117.4–392.8) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 8:00–10:00 | 40 | 3.4 (2.4–5.0) | 38.0 (22.5–51.0) | 54.8 (45.2–72.8) | 75.2 (37.9–136.4) | 235.7 (125.6–506.4) | 7.5 (7.2–7.7) | ||||||
 After 10:00 | 12 | 3.4 (2.2–5.8) | 49.5 (34.3–57.8) | 70.8 (37.0–81.2) | 61.0 (38.8–121.4) | 198.8 (139.9–368.0) | 7.2 (7.1–7.7) | ||||||
Use of hypnotic drugs (nearly a month) | |||||||||||||
 No | 452 | 3.6 (2.5–5.0) | − 0.101 | 36.0 (22.0–49.0) | 0.247 | 58.0 (42.0–72.8) | ##### | 63.3 (38.3–99.5) | − 0.238 | 214.4 (121.8–418.6) | − 0.56 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | − 0.013 |
 Occasionally | 10 | 4.0 (2.5–5.8) | 38.0 (14.8–51.8) | 67.0 (43.9–76.5) | 103.5 (34.5–171.0) | 202.6 (126.0–1038.7) | 7.3 (7.0–7.5) | ||||||
Feel sleepy (nearly a month) | |||||||||||||
 No | 106 | 3.4 (2.5–5.0) | 0.004 | 41.0 (26.5–53.0)* | 0.016 | 61.5 (48.8–77.3)* | 0.02 | 75.5 (43.5–120.0) | 0.007 | 237.0 (130.3–467.9) | 0.004 | 7.5 (7.2–7.7)* | 0.02 |
 Occasionally | 282 | 3.9 (2.7–5.1) | 36.0 (21.8–49.0) | 57.0 (40.8–72.0) | 62.1 (35.8–98.4) | 218.9 (114.7–420.1) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 74 | 3.5 (2.1–5.0) | 34.0 (20.0–47.5) | 52.7 (38.3–69.1) | 59.4 (40.3–91.1) | 187.0 (115.7–359.1) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
The length of a daily nap | |||||||||||||
 Don't nap | 60 | 3.8 (2.5–5.3) | 0.002 | 41.0 (13.5–48.0) | 0.000 | 55.5 (39.1–71.0) | 0.003 | 57.1 (35.4–104.8) | 0.001 | 219.7 (122.0–399.4) | 0.000 | 7.3 (7.2–7.7)* | 0.007 |
 Occasionally a nap | 185 | 3.9 (2.8–5.0) | 36.0 (24.0–49.0) | 57.0 (41.0–72.0) | 65.1 (41.0–99.0) | 222.2 (128.9–449.2) | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often a nap | 217 | 3.5 (2.5–5.1) | 36.0 (22.8–49.3) | 59.0 (44.0–74.3) | 61.8 (38.6–100.1) | 204.0 (116.6–409.0) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
Participate in sports activities | |||||||||||||
 Never | 106 | 4.0 (2.5–5.2) | 0.004 | 36.5 (21.8–47.0) | 0.004 | 54.5 (39.9–70.3) | 0.002 | 69.1 (42.2–108.1) | 0.003 | 255.3 (131.9–476.2) | 0.010 | 7.3 (7.2–7.5) | 0.003 |
 Occasionally | 316 | 3.5 (2.5–5.0) | 36.5 (22.0–50.0) | 59.0 (42.0–73.9) | 62.8 (36.5–99.5) | 200.3 (118.3–400.9) | 7.2 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||
 Often | 40 | 4.0 (2.6–5.6) | 31.5 (20.8–49.0) | 58.7 (49.1–73.4) | 54.2 (37.4–91.3) | 225.4 (114.1–400.1) | 7.4 (7.2–7.5) | ||||||